Uphill: Question and End

Angela Wigger Rosebrough English Comp II October 5, 2012 Explication Essay â€Å"Uphill† written by Christina Rossetti, this poem is explaining life as a journey and life’s unavoidable death. This poem tells the reader that no matter what we face in life there is going to be hard times that we must endure. Life’s road will never be easy and no matter how we choose to live our life, death is the ultimate price we must pay. We must try to live life the best we know how so that in the end we will find comfort in our resting place. Rossetti sets the tone of this poem as conversational.A question is asked by her and someone then answers her. This pattern is used throughout the entire poem. Four stanzas are used, two questions are asked and two answers are given. The rhythm of this poem gives the reader the feel as if they were climbing â€Å"uphill†. The rhythm used is ABAB. The meter used in this poem gives the reader a feeling of pacing steps as if they were climbing. There is an alternating pattern of five stresses per line (pentameter) then three stresses per line (trimester). â€Å"Uphill† starts by asking a question â€Å"Does the road wind uphill all the way? Rossetti is simply asking if life’s journey is uphill. Then in the second line someone answers her back saying, â€Å"Yes, to the very end. † This gives the reader a feeling of sadness, thinking that life will be a long journey with many challenges ahead. In line three and four there is another question with an answer. â€Å"Will the journey take the whole day long? †(3)/ â€Å"From morn to night, my friend. †(4) The words in these four lines continue to give the reader a feeling of uneasiness. They are telling the reader that life is difficult and will be long.As we come to the second stanza Rossetti begins to ask questions about the challenges that may be faced as the journey is travelled. In line five â€Å"But is there for a night a res ting place? † Then in line six is answered â€Å"A roof for when the slow dark hours begin. † In line five Rossetti is asking if there will be place to rest at the end of her journey of life. The response is yes there will be a roof where you will find a sort of peace. In line seven Rossetti is asking how she will be able to find this place, â€Å"May not the darkness hide it from my face? † The author is hoping she will find this place.The answer in line eight reassures her that she will find the place, â€Å"You cannot miss that inn. † By the end of line eight the reader can assume that there is an end to the journey, some place, somewhere the reader believes in when the end of life comes. As the reader continues to read lines nine and ten, we see that the author is asking questions about ones who have travelled this long road before. The question asked is, â€Å"Shall I meet other wayfarers at night? † Is then answered with, â€Å"Those who have gone before. † This answer tells her that the ones who have travelled this road will be there waiting in the end.As we read line eleven the question is returned back to the subject of the â€Å"inn†. â€Å"Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? † Again this question makes the reader think about the end of the journey. â€Å"They will not keep you standing at that door. † The answer lets her know that the travelers that have past will not leave her there, they will take her in. In the fourth stanza the reader sees the true question being asked. The author finally asks the main question, â€Å"Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak? † This question is asked to find out if in the end she is going to end up where she should be.She wants to know if this place is going to be comfortable for her or if she will even like it there. Line fourteen gives her the answer, â€Å"Of labor you shall find the sum. † This answer is telling her that depending on the way she lives her life is going to determine how comfortable she will be. The last lines of the poem the author is trying to bring back her original question of comfort by asking, â€Å"Will there be beds for me and all who seek? † The answer she receives is, simply, †Yea, beds for all who come. † As the reader comes to the end of this poem, we wonder, who is answering these questions.Is it someone who has travelled this road before? Rossetti left this question for the reader to answer for themselves. Whatever entity we choose it to be. Whether it be God, or Jesus, or whatever the reader believes in. Rossetti writes this poem with very simple rhythm and conversation. This is her view of life’s journey, with all the challenges we face, in the end hopefully peace and comfort will be found. UPHILL by: Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) Does the road wind up-hill all the way? Yes, to the very end. Will the day's journey take the whole long day? Fr om morn to night, my friend. But is there for the night a resting-place?A roof for when the slow dark hours begin. May not the darkness hide it from my face? You cannot miss that inn. Shall I meet other wayfarers at night? Those who have gone before. Then must I knock, or call when just in sight? They will not keep you standing at that door. Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak? Of labor you shall find the sum. Will there be beds for me and all who seek? Yea, beds for all who come. Work Cited Kennedy, X. J. , and Dana Gioia. Backpack literature: an introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2012. Print. MLA formatting by BibMe. org.

Investigating a Crime Scene Essay

On TV shows like â€Å"CSI,† viewers get to watch as investigators find and collect evidence at the scene of a crime, making blood appear as if by magic and swabbing every mouth in the vicinity. Many of us believe we have a pretty good grip on the process, and rumor has it criminals are getting a jump on the good guys by using the tips they pick up from these shows. But does Hollywood get it right? Do crime scene investigators interview suspects and catch the bad guys, or is their job all about collecting physical evidence? In this paper, I’ll examine how a crime scene investigation really takes place. When working a crime scene there are many steps that must take place in order for any investigation to hold up in court. A proper investigation can take hours, but the end result can lead to a conviction of the guilty and justice for victim’s families. The first officer at the crime scene should do everything they can to keep all evidence in its original state. The crime scene must be blocked off immediately to avoid any contamination or loss of evidence. Boundaries should be established for each area of the scene that needs to be secluded. This will include any paths of entry or exits and areas where evidence has been discarded or located. All areas of the crime scene should be blocked off using tape, ropes, or traffic cones. If the crime took place indoors, a single room can be blocked off depending on the place of the crime and where it occurred. Police barricades and guards can help with securing the scene as well. This is a good way to monitor the area to make sure no unwanted people get through and cause loss of evidence. This will include officers that are not involved in the case, neighbors and the family of the victim. Securing the crime scene must be done in a timely manner and all persons entering the scene should be recorded, and times of the entry should be taken as well. Before anyone can enter the scene, the responding officer must first establish a walk way. This is done to ensure that no evidence is being touched and is out of the way before walking into the scene. This will include investigators or medical examiners that need to get to any victims that may be injured. Once the crime scene has been blocked off and secured, the investigators will process the area. At this time a strategy is put into place. This will start the examination of the area and documentation of all evidence at the scene. A walk through of the scene will take place by the lead investigator to establish how the scene was entered and exited at the time that the crime took place. Once the points of entry are established, the investigator will find the center of the scene using the path that the first officer established. A crime scene is three dimensional so that when making their way to the center of the crime scene, evidence will be located. It is the investigators responsibility to photograph and document these items as they are seen. There are many questions that will need to be answered during the investigation such as but not limited to: did this crime involve violence, or are there any hazardous conditions that they should be aware of? The scene should be looked over as if trying to put a puzzle together. Looking around at objects in the crime scene can tell a whole lot as to the time the accident occurred or if objects seem like they are missing. There are two categories a crime scene can fall under; one is a primary crime scene where the crime occurred or a secondary crime scene where evidence was taken to and is now a part of the crime scene. A command center needs to be put into place outside the crime scene. This is where the investigators receive their assignments, store the equipment that will be needed or where they gather to discuss or go over the case. Tasks are assigned to all of the investigators which will ensure that all aspects of the area are covered. Tasks include locating, processing, accessing, photographing and sketching the evidence at the scene. Searching a crime scene and how a crime investigation is carried out depends on the size and area of the scene being investigated. The different kind of crime that was committed can have a great toll on how the investigation is carried out as well. When doing a search of the crime scene, different kinds of flash or illumination are used to show fingerprints, handprints or other things that may be gathered as evidence. There are different patterns in which a crime scene is investigated or searched. Each pattern depends on the scene and what kind of evidence is suspected to be found at the scene. This could include: a line or strip search where two investigators walk in straight lines across the crime scene and search for evidence, a grid search where investigators form a grid throughout the scene making overlapping lines, a spiral search where an investigator works in a spiral motion from the outer part of the scene or vice versa, a wheel ray search which is done by a group of investigators that move from the boundary of the crime scene and work their way to the middle of the scene, or a quadrant or zone search where the crime is divided into sections and is split up between investigators and divided again to search more thoroughly through that section. When searching a crime scene at night difficulties will come up due to lighting. Boundaries of the scene are hard to see when trying to locate evidence. The search of evidence is determined by each crime scene, because every crime is different in its own way. Locating evidence includes footprints, weapons, blood spatter, trace fibers or hairs. When an investigator locates evidence everything should be recorded. Exact location in notes, photos and sketches must be done, and all evidence must be marked with an evidence marker once it is recorded. A search will end when all evidence is located. Once a decision has been made that the investigation has come to a close, the team will conduct a final survey. This survey will include an overview of the scene and all evidence is collected and bagged. Taking notes at a crime scene begins the moment an investigator gets a call. All notes must be specific. Notes should begin with all the information of the person who has called in, the time the call was placed and all of the information that is given about the crime, as well as the assigned case number that is given. When an investigator arrives at the scene, date, time and all persons present must be recorded. All notes should be in detail, and all movements that are taken should be documented. The lead investigator will do a walkthrough of the scene and at this time notes are taken with details of the condition of the scene. All notes taken should be in blue or black ink. Notes are very important to the investigation, and all notes should be taken at the scene and not left up to memory. This ensures that all information is recorded and nothing is left out. Notes should include all documentation of the victims, witnesses, evidence collected, tasks being performed, and when and how an object is packaged. There should be no task, detail or movement left out when taking notes at a crime scene. Photographing a crime scene is extremely important in a crime scene investigation, and should be of high quality and very clear. These photos will be used in court, so when taking the photos you need to keep in mind that the person or persons viewing the photos should be able to understand where the photos were taken and should be able to tell the story through them. The overall area of the scene should first be photographed such as street signs, street lights, addresses, and identifying objects. Photos should be taken in a clockwise direction to prevent any information from being left out. Different lenses should be used when photographing different parts of the scene as well as different illuminations, flashes and filters. The first photo should consist of a photography log that includes that case number, type of scene, date, location of scene, type of camera used, photographers name and title. Photos should be of the scene before it has been altered in any way. The photos should include the area that the crime took place, and areas where other acts occurred. Pictures should be taken from the outside of the scene working towards the middle of the scene. The photographer must be consistent when working through the scene as this will ensure that all evidence is photographed from all angles and nothing is left out. Photos should include: overview photographs which consist of the entire scene and surrounding area. These photos include all exits and entries, and should start from the outside of the scene and in all angles. And medium range photographs which show smaller areas of the crime scene. These photos should be taken with evidence markers. Sketching the crime scene is done after all notes and photographs are taken of the scene. A sketch will show the layout of the area or house where the crime was committed, as well as where the evidence was located. It is used to back up all notes and photographs already taken. All aspects of a crime scene will be shown in court and used to convict the guilty; therefore, it is extremely important that all steps of the investigation are followed exactly and with as much detail as possible to ensure that justice can be served.

Abraham Lincoln Bio Essay Example for Free

Abraham Lincoln Bio Essay ? Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been immortalized as one of, if not the greatest hero in American history due to his role in ending the Civil War and abolishing slavery. He led our country through its’ darkest days and was able to prevent the south from successfully seceding and preserving the United States. Throughout history many have been called heroes, some deservedly and others not. Lincoln’s recognition as a hero is valid because of his many achievements and his leadership style. Lincoln was born in February 1809, in Kentucky. His early life was difficult, losing his mother to illness at 9 years old. The family was poor and Lincoln needed to work to help support them. As a result, he had very little formal education, but it was this hard work and humble beginnings that ignited the spark in Lincoln to learn. When he was a young man the family moved to Illinois and it was there that Lincoln learned the law and became interested in local politics. In 1834 he was elected to the Illinois State Legislature. He taught himself the law, was admitted to the Bar in 1836 and also began a career as a successful lawyer. Between 1847 and 1849 he served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a result of the increased opposition to slavery, the Republican Party was born and Lincoln joined the party in 1856. It was his anti-slavery views and the continuing passing of laws to protect slavery that further sparked his interest in politics. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate but obtain national exposure from the race due to his unique communication and debating techniques. It was this exposure that found him as a candidate for President in 1860. He was elected the 16th President of the United States and the first President from the Republican Party. Because of his well-known views on slavery, the  secessionists began their plans to split from the Union prior to his taking office. The Civil Was began in April of 1861 with the attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Almost immediately in his role as President, Lincoln was faced with the most challenging situation of any President prior to him. His decision-making and communication skills, though unpopular at times, would be a vital part of his success over the next several years. Lincoln possessed strong social intelligence skills. He was sensitive to other people’s feelings and moods, and he was particularly adept at reading people. Lincoln had a great ability in understanding the motivations of others, and was skillful at getting others to cooperate with him. He knew to be pleasant and approachable while also being fierce when fighting for causes he believed in. One tool that Lincoln would use was storytelling. He would use stories from his past which would put people at ease while at the same time relaying his point in a clear way. Another method he would use was to ask questions to get his rivals to see things his way. His communication style and speeches were simple and logical. Abraham Lincoln’s most famous speech was the Gettysburg Address given in 1863 at the dedication of the National Cemetery after the battle at Gettysburg. The speech last just over two minutes and was an example of how Lincoln understood his audience. There had been much â€Å"Pomp and Circumstance† throughout the ceremony and many long speeches prior to his. The words he chose were short and to the point, but were full of inspiration and emotion. The speech focused on the principles of the founding fathers of our nation and the words from the Declaration of Independence that â€Å"all men are created equal† and that all men have the unalienable rights to the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. One of the main things Lincoln wanted to accomplish with this speech, was to rally support for the 13th Amendment, which would abolish slavery and was in jeopardy of failing to pass in Congress. Lincoln again used his influence as a communicator to get the 13th Amendment passed. He would spend hours with his political rivals building relationships. It was important that he understood their perspectives on the issues and would give them the opportunity to express their views and needs. His approach was thoughtful and personal. This bill was met with much opposition and it took great skill and tenacity on Lincoln’s part to insure its passage. Many Presidents since Lincoln have also faced challenges when trying to pass  legislature, among them our current President Barack Obama. Whether or not you are a supporter of our current President aside, some similarities can be seen between the two. As was the case with Lincoln, Obama is known for his listening skills, and taking in ideas from all sides. He is a skilled orator and there is a strong sense of morality in his tone when speaking. There are many references to President Lincoln in Obama’s speeches which show the influence the former President has on him. Abraham Lincoln led our nation through one of its most turbulent times. He used his communication skills and understanding of people to obtain success. His ability to talk to people and understand what they stood for while moving them to see things his way led him to be regarded as one of our greatest Presidents. A-E Networks. Abraham lincoln – biography [Web log message].

SWOT Analysis of Shellys Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SWOT Analysis of Shellys Business - Case Study Example Thus, it is true for the people who want to live their dreams and want to rule their own creative world. Clicking few pictures are a negligible part of a photographer’s life, professionalism comes with the thought of creating their own business. There are numerous aspects that need to be addressed when one is looking for setting a successful photography business. It forms a highly competitive market where every individual can own a camera and call themselves photographers. However, it depends on the credibility and acumen of the individual to make themselves different from the others (â€Å"Life through a Lens: How to Start a Successful Photography Business†). Conrad’s Photographer’s Supplies is situated in north end of Winnipeg in Canada. The owner of the business, Shelly Conrad is a photographer who has the desire to devote her time to professional photography by selling the business to the Bingley couple. ... Situation Analysis Shelly’s photography business has been doing well in the Canadian market since inception. Irrespective of that the owner is eager to sell the business so that she can continue her career as a professional photographer. She is willing to sell the business to Bingleys, who are interested to start a photography business. The Bingleys are quite impressed with the operation of Shelly’s business. They are happy with the type of equipments and fixtures that are owned by Shelly. But a SWOT analysis of the business will help the Bingleys to take the decision of purchasing the business from Shelly effectively. SWOT Analysis of Shelly’s business SWOT analysis is conducted in order to identify the state of the business. Strength The main strength of Conrad’s Photographer’s Supplies is the customer base. Shelly, the owner of the business has maintained a good relation with the customers so they naturally trust her with their photographs. The b usiness has got well acquainted in the community. Weakness The main weakness of the business is that it is taking much more time to run than expected by the owner. Thus, the business needs new improved ways for attracting customers. The business is operating from a shop which is taken in lease for three years. After the purchase of the business, if it fails to perform then the burden of the lease will be a problem for the Bingleys. Opportunity More and more people are getting into the photography profession which is making it more competitive with time. With the inception of digital cameras, the industry is expanding at a remarkable rate. Thus, there is opportunity for Conrad’s

Prepare an income statement for a small business Essay - 1

Prepare an income statement for a small business - Essay Example In most instances, marketing is also used by marketers as an approach to retain more customers. Therefore, the success of a small business significantly relies on the marketing procedure. Marketing also boosts the sales of a business since, more people will be aware of the product being sold. This also builds a strong reputation of the company. Small businesses also rely on marketing research because; in most cases, the small businesses are found in challenging situations. Businesses should conduct adequate research to ensure a strategic marketing procedure. In marketing, customer segments should be measurable. This means that they should be large enough to constitute a market. The marketer usually faces a challenge when determining how to segment a market. This is because marketing segmentation enables a business to develop effectively. On the other hand, if the marketer is unsuccessful in the marketing segmentation, then, the business can incur collosal losses (Longenecker, Moore, & Petty, 2002). Market segmentation is a way of fine-tuning the target market. An unsegmented strategy is a strategy which identifies the total market as the target market. This strategy is also known as mass marketing. In some cases, this strategy can be productive to a company. However, it assumes that all clients share similar benefit from the products and services of the company. A multisegment strategy is defined as a strategy which recognizes different preferences of individual market segments and develops a unique marketing mix for each. Lastly, there is the single-segment strategy which usually involves the use of a single marketing mix for one market segment (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, & Hoy, 2012). For example, a pen store in the local area uses the unsegmented strategy since; the pen is promoted via a single medium and a broad distribution plan. This shows that only those who

Issues in Multicultural Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Issues in Multicultural Britain - Essay Example ultures and traditions; however critiques believe that multiculturalism promotes negative aspects such as riots, terrorism, ethnic division, clash of ideologies, etc (Pathak, 2008, p. 72). Britain has been a multicultural society for years but now it tends to have been failing. The national curriculum was introduced in 1988 in the United Kingdom. It was the nationwide curriculum for all the primary and secondary state schools of Britain. The curriculum has been recently revised in order to catch up with the world’s best education systems. The government has designed curriculum changes which would help the children to compete and catch up with the best. This is also referred to as the revolution in education by the Prime Minister and he believes this is vital for the economic prosperity of the country. Moreover, the new national curriculum is written by purely experts in the field, and thus it does not depend on the personal prejudices of the ministers. As the globalization is rapidly spreading all across the world, including Britain, it has become even difficult to conserve our identities. The international borders have been nullified due to the globalization and in order to ensure that the people of every religion, race, ethnic group, and culture are living in peace, the governments have introduced some reforms and legislations (Aydin, 2013, p. 58). The national curriculum is also a part of the educational reforms which covers the long history of multiculturalism and diversity in England. The curriculum includes the historic development of multiculturalism and ethnic diversity, and the progress of multiculturalism education (Pitcher, 2009, p. 24). Since Britain is shaped by a wide variety of cultures and religions, the blood alone is not the factor anymore which makes someone British. However, what it means to be British is related to the fundamental values of Britain which are present in every person living there. These values include the people’s right to

Answer 5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer 5 questions - Essay Example It is made up of two proteins named fibroin and sericin. There are various mechanical properties of silk depending on the animal that produces it. Spiders, for example, produce dragline silk that has a high tensile strength and a strain that fails at 6%. Other forms of silk produced by spiders, especially the orb-web-spinning spiders, are superior to almost all natural structural materials produced by man and other animals. Another type of spider silk, the viscid silk, possesses remarkable extensibility and maximum strength of over 1 GPa (Meyers et al.). Other structural materials derived from animals include exoskeleton of arthropods, as well as keratin-based hooves and horns (Meyers et al.). Synthetic fibers rayon and nylon are also actually organic in origin. Rayon comes from cellulose, which is the solid part of the plant cell wall. On the other hand, nylon is the first type of fiber that is considered truly synthetic. It is made up of linear superpolymers (â€Å"Miracle Fibersà ¢â‚¬ ). 2. Terrestrial Locomotion Typically, tetrapods have the upper arm and upper leg extended in such a way as it is almost at a straight horizontal line with respect to its body. Moreover, the forearm and the leg form a nearly right angle relative to the body. The body weight of the tetrapod is actually concentrated into the torso or the upper segment with only a small portion of the weight on the upper part of the lower limbs or the area of the thighs. The main task of the limbs is to lift the body off the ground in order to walk. Moreover, the legs of tetrapods have internal bones within them and with muscles that are externally attached in order to facilitate movement. Furthermore, the basic form of the leg of a tetrapod is that it has three key points or joints: the shoulder joint, the knee joint and the ankle joint. The sequence and the arrangement of these joints facilitate movement and make it possible and smooth (Polly). One principle of tetrapod locomotion includes the fact that locomotion must be a compromise or a balancing force between movement and gravity. This means that the animal must always remain in a state of balance whether it is at rest or it is in motion, except when it is falling over. Secondly, the force for locomotion is derived from muscles and gravity. Thirdly, bones and muscles must be regarded as lever systems in order to produce locomotion. Bones and the joints that they form are usually involved in one or more lever systems while muscles are confined to only one lever system. It is the action of these lever systems that produce a forward motion in tetrapods. There are several lever systems suited for each task in the body. However, those lever systems that work the hardest include those that support weight, close jaws or produce forward motion. The heavy muscles, in particular, which are located toward the center of the body and the proximal ends of bones, are actually a major source of movement for the tetrapod body (Polly) . Unlike in bipedal and flying animals whose balance in locomotion centers on the hindlimbs, tetrapods have their balance concentrated over their forelimbs. Moreover, the propulsion for locomotion comes from their hindlimbs, and their head serves to counterbalance the body (Polly). Cats usually have a longer swing duration of the hind limbs, a shorter stance duration, and the same step durations of fore and hind limbs. However, as the cat moves faster, its step duration becomes shorter. These specifics may become slightly different in the case of a

Enterprise infrastructure Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise infrastructure - Article Example The deal will give AT&T an opportunity to reorganize the video entertainment industry. It will have the capacity to offer new data bundles and provide content to customers using different screens such as laptops, mobile devices, and TVs. The company’s preference on DirecTV is because of its premier brand in television subscription, content relationships, and its fast growth rate. DirecTV has more than 20 million subscribers compared to the 5 million subscribers of AT&T’s U-verse television service. The satellite provider owns the NFL Sunday Ticket package for out of market football games that will also add value to AT&T. AT&T is eager in experimenting new methods of video distribution. It will satisfy the customers who want to enjoy television on big screens, have TV on their smartphones on a Netflix style, or any other way possible. The approval of the deal will provide AT&T with growth opportunities due to the increased television revenues. Upon the deal’s approval by the regulators, it will be part of the continued wave consolidation in the telecommunication and television industries. Comcast, the country’s largest cable provider, also awaits a regulatory approval to merge with TWC. The parent wireless company provider Sprint Softbank is in efforts to acquire T-Mobile. Paul Gallant, a Guggenheim Partners analyst describes the situation as an arms race. The acquisition will create a content distribution leader in video, mobile, and broadband platforms. The companies would have to face competitive disadvantages and to merge them as a single entity will increase their competitiveness. To demonstrate the acquisition advantage, DirecTV satellites cannot provide the high internet speed connections that many customers prefer, of which AT&T can. In an attempt to lure the Washington regulators to approve the deal, their Sunday presentation asserts that the hybrid company will provide internet connections to areas that lack. The statement will

Identity theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identity theft - Essay Example Identity theft has become an increasing problem globally in recent years, causing millions of people undue emotional and financial trauma, while costing society a great deal of money. The heartache caused has limited access to critical services and credit availability for millions of honest and hardworking citizens globally, but particularly in the United States. It is a serious issues that must be tackled. The aim of the short paper is to introduce the seriousness of this problem and to present possibly research questions that should be explored to better introduce society to various methods to limit the risk of becoming a victim of identity theft. Problem Statement The problem is that identity theft is destroying the financial security and freedom of countless individuals world wide. As honest, hardworking people have their identities stolen, they are subject to a loss of credit, difficulty in terms of employment, and encounters problems of various sorts with law authorities. Such victims must prove that their identity was stolen, often causing a great deal of anguish in the process. Local and national governments are currently taking measures to prevent identity theft, but the problem seems to be growing. There are five major types of identity theft being practiced today: 1) Criminal identity theft, 2) Financial identity theft, 3) Identity cloning, 4) Medical identity theft, and 5) Child identity theft. This proposed research study will examine each of these areas to help the reader understand the warning signs and avoid becoming a victim of such types of identity theft. In short, identity cloning involves one person taking on (stealing) the identity of another for the express purpose of hiding their own identity for one reason or the other. This is a bit different than other forms of identity theft, as financial information is not typically involved, causing the stolen identity to often go undetected for a long time (Anderson, Durbin, & Salinger, 2008, p. 1 71) . Criminal identity theft involves one person committing a criminal act, getting arrested, and then telling law enforcement officials that they are a different person (Harrison, 2007, p. 84). Conversely, synthetic identity theft refers to identities that are almost entirely made up. Most commonly this occurs by using a real social security number, but a different name or date of birth to make it more difficult to track (Ciechanowicz, 2010, p. 41). Medical identity theft involves one person seeking out medical care, not in their name, but in the name of another person. There are many reason why an individual might perpetrate this type of crime, including a lack of insurance on the part of the person (Agrawal & Budetti, 2012, p. 459). Finally, child identity theft involves just what its name implies. The criminal here commonly steals the social security number of a child, and then opens line of credit and commits other unlawful behavior using the stolen identity. This crime is par ticularly difficult to detect because children typically do not realize their identity has been stolen until well into adulthood (Dwan, 2004, p. 16). Relevance and Significance As demonstrated to this point, identity theft is a serious issue that must be tackled. It affects nearly everyone in society, either directly or indirectly. Even if a person is not a victim themselves, they pay the price in other ways. An individual who has fallen victim to any of the major types of

Performing and Visual Arts Standardization Essay

Performing and Visual Arts Standardization - Essay Example In Wikipedia Encyclopedia "The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of which are primarily visual in nature, such as Painting, Photography, Print making and film making". Those that involve three dimensional objects such as sculpture and architecture are called plastic arts. In Wikipedia Encyclopedia "The performing arts are those forms of art which differ from the plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own body, face and presents as a medium and latter uses material such as clay metal or paint". The teachers of arts should be well read and well informed on arts and artists. They should do research on arts from the past and the present so as to make them thorough with the subject. They should also try to participate in art criticism based on reliable information and clear criteria. The Art teachers should shape the student's ability to think. They should encourage their students to observe arts, and create and use their imaginations. They should make the students organize their thoughts and feelings. The teachers of arts should teach the students to respond in predictable and unpredictable ways.

10 Most Important People in the United States Essay Example for Free

10 Most Important People in the United States Essay Abraham Lincoln is first because he did a lot as the first president of the united states. He abolished slavery, granted citizenship to all people, and gave all men the right to vote. One of the most important things about him was how he established the Emancipation Proclamation, which said that the union was willing to fight to end slavery. He was important because without him none of these things would have happened. George Washington was second because he did some very important things that impacted the U.   S. history. He was a general for the United States. He won two battles, then became president of the United States. He won the revolutionary war and the French and Indian war. He is important because without him the nation would still belong to Britain. Thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration of independence, which declared the 13 colonies a free and independent country. He was also involved in colonial policies and the negotiations that resulted in the Articles of Confederation. Later the US Constitution was made. As the 3rd President, he agreed to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, doubling the size of the territory of the US. Without Thomas Jefferson the United States would have never been doubled in size in 1803 which would result in the United States being the same size it was before the Louisiana purchase. Andrew Jackson an army general who defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, and the British at the Battle of New Orleans. His enthusiastic followers created a Democratic Party, the Jacksonian democracy. He later became known as the 7th President of the United States. He is important because without him we would never have defeated the natives at these two battles. he was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. With Parliament’s passage of the Coercive Acts, Adams realized that the time had come for the Americans to invoke what he called â€Å"revolution-principles. †

Air France-KLM as Low-Cost Airline Across Europe Essay Example for Free

Air France-KLM as Low-Cost Airline Across Europe Essay Abstract Airline is an important industrial in European economy, with the liberalization and deregulation of European market, it is filled by a number of small-sized and large-sized airlines, recently, the model of low cost carriers is widely spread from America to Europe, the success attracts rivals to adjust business models to enter this market. Air France-KLM also attempts to adopt this strategy. This essay will use PESTEL and stakeholder theory, as well as corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept to analyze general environment and specific environment including customers and suppliers. Main ideas are Air France-KLM (FK) should concern CSR behavior especially including social and environmental perspective to conduct low-cost strategy rather than only consider economic perspective which is short-term financial performance, because it could not bring a sustainable development for company. Furthermore, FK should have operational resilience and strategic resilience under the uncertainty of dynamic environment, and integrate CSR as a organization culture which will become a competitive advantage. The general environment analysis could provide reference for other companies, and analysis of stakeholder theory and CSR concept will give a guidance for sustainable development of companies. Air France-KLM is owned by French airline (Air France) and Dutch airline (KLM). It is the largest airline company in the world, while the profit is continually decreasing in Europe within recent 5 years (Market Line 2014). It is positively seeking a path to maintain competitive position in European airline market. Two largest competitors are Ryanair and EasyJet in Europe who operate low-cost strategy which learn from Southwest in US, and they rapidly capture market share. Air France-KLM is planning to use same strategy to compete with them. Environment is a significant indicator that influences the operation of business. It is dynamic and complex, different elements are interrelated and interacted that bring different influence for present and future activities  of companies. Analysis of environment usually is divided into macro-environment and micro-environment, they separately cover the general environment and specific related environmental factors such as customers, suppliers and regulators (Kew and Stredwick 2005). As Europe is located in a low valley suffering debtor crisis, new business model is encouraged to stimulate the economy and transfer risks for government. This essay will evaluate and discuss the low cost strategy Air France-KLM will adopt, firstly, it will analyze the general environment using PESTEL tool, and using Five Forces model and stakeholder theory further seek the issue and factors that can help company to succeed in a long term. Especially, it will explain the importance of corporate social responsibility in business operation. Finally, it is to find the opportunities and threats that company should notice for future success to combines different factors. Air France-KLM is holding by Air France and KLM which is a Dutch airline, the alliance was formed in 2004. The headquarter is located in Paris, and it obeys the French law. Subsequently, it became the largest airplane company in terms of revenues in Europe, even over the world. However, the operating profit to Air France-KLM (FK) continually decreased from 2012 (MarketLine 2014). Air France-KLM is exploring another strategy to survive in the competitive airline industrial. As BBC reported Alexandre who is CEO of FK claimed company will adopt the Low cost carriers (LCCs) strategy to recover and sustain competitive position in airline industry (Clark 2014). Environmental analysis is an inevitable step to help company identify issues, flexibly and innovatively solve problems, also assist the strategist to improve the decision making process (Kew and Stredwick 2005). The internal and external environment analysis will be required in order to explore fitness of strategy within the whole business environment and internal capabilities; in addition, the analysis on competitive structure of industrial environment and stakeholder will deeply explore the important factors for the sustainable development rather than short-term success, especially CSR concept includes social and environmental perspective instead  of simply economic perspective which presents financial profits (Button 2014). FK will better understand the opportunities and threats under the business environment analysis. The characteristics of Low cost carriers are presented on maximum utilization for facilities and economically provide service that customers themselves need. Usually, it has a high seating density, single class configuration, point-to-point services; it frequently uses second-tier airports on cost saving (CAPA 2014). It also keeps a low maintenance and training costs, as well as eases scheduling and takes advantage of bulk purchases to obtain discounts from manufactures (Budd et al 2014). It generates profits from ancillary revenue such as meal, snack and luggage (Budd et al 2014). This model started from America Southwest Airline in 1978. Nowadays, LCCs as a strategy is widely adopted in Latin America and Europe. The combining analysis between the environment and characteristics above will evaluate the low cost strategy of Air France-KLM. PESTEL as a macro-environment analysis tool helps to understand the complex trend of environment. PESTEL includes political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental. The analysis concerns the longitudinal and cross-sectional changes in time line. Firstly, liberalization events in US market significantly impacted other countries (Fu and Oum, 2014). France has high liberalized operating environment that enable companies to flexibly run any legal business model, it provides environment that FK can practice low cost strategy instead of the whole service provided with high cost (Budd et al 2014). Liberated market will be an advantage for innovation of business and increase the market power of company. It is big opportunity that companies can expand their network, as FK is an alliance to share strengthen and risks between French and Dutch airplane company (Fu and Oum, 2014). However, high-degree liberalization inevitably bring fierce competition. Additionally, the business model of public-private partnership is dominating the European airlines (Cruz and Marques 2011), especially the privatization process of European airlines is salient, government decreased the stake for business,  as French government hold a 16% stake on FK (Stothard and Bryant 2014). As a result, company will obtain less financial support from government, government is able to bear less risk of deficit. Secondly, to considering economic factors, German and France as primary strength motivate the economic recovery of Europe, French government is gradually putting effort to diagnose economic ills (Barber 2014). European countries still have maintained the high unemployment rate since financial crisis occurred in 2008, although it slightly fell in 2014 compared to last year (Statista 2014). Inflation rate had a slight fall in November than that of October, it will be a danger for debtors due to less revenue from sales, incomes or taxes, and debt problems is serious; energy price is falling as well (BBC Nov 2014). The important social indicators is consumer behavior is gradually changing. The increasing number of customers choose the high-speed train for a short journey instead of the airplane as a result of the punctuality and similar price on same time consuming (Dobruszkes 2011). In addition, the strength of unions in this two countries is very high, labour union has strong power such as pilots or crews. The impact of technology is significant, as the big data time is coming (Mark 2014), companies own the large number of data information about consumer, which will rapidly push the innovation of business, if company can dig and utilize the meaning of data. For the most important environmental and legal analysis, climate change is as one of themes in previous G20 conference and future UN conference will hold in 2015, and it will concentrate on a new set of Sustainable Development goals and emphasize the multilateral co-operation on a range of vital issues (FT 2014), which implies France should contribute to same goal, and perhaps the more strict regulation will be adopted, for example, CO2 emission. Additionally, the terrorism is serious problem airplane companies is facing.  In macro-environment, five forces model can identify and analyze the  competitive structure of industrial environment. Forces in relation to stakeholders can be discussed upon priority. The opportunities and threats will be identified further. Firstly, the intensity of rivalry is high, the large number of competitors in Europe is divided into two strategic streams, one is the large-size airplane such as Lufthansa and British Airway which are seeking path to compete in Europe; other representative group is LCCs including Ryanair and EasyJet. Various business models are emerging under the motivation of liberalized market conditions and globalization, airline companies could seek partner including other airlines companies and airports to form network for enhancing market power; additionally, each European country can operate and switch route freely (Fu and Oum, 2014). In contrast, LCCs provide service for customers who have high elasticity for price, it rapidly captured the market share as a result of low switching costs for buyers. To considering new entrants, 77% small-size companies failed which learn from LCCs to enter market, because the established companies with strong reputation and first mover advantages, and their size do not enable them to create the economies of scale (Budd et al 2014). Stakeholder theory claims companies should notice the interests of other groups, not only do companies focus on the interests of shareholder which is financial performance (Jensen 2001). Customer have highest power and interests for company, company usually prioritize them into first post; employees second, managers third, and shareholders last, according to the hierarchy of interests (Kew and Stredwick 2005). Customers have the most power and the highest interests to organization. From production side and demand side of economic perspective, as the analysis of business environment above shows the supply is over than demand, the number of fragmented airlines is more than customers (Budd et al 2014), so that the bargaining power of buyers is powerful, also switching cost is low between airlines. Low-cost strategy of FK is not lucrative in a market with high intensity of rivalry. However, business environment is along uncertainty and dynamics, the growth of Euro area will enable companies to earn the financial obtains as economic perspective. In fact, demand-supply economic perspective is narrow, the increasing demand of LCCs will lead to tragedy of the common for suppliers, because suppliers only consider the economic returns compared to inputs, and plunge themselves into price battle ignoring value creation, the more followers will emerge, obtained profits from one unit of input will be gradually decreased with the increasing rivals, and tragedy probably occur. So only economic perspective can not achieve success. CSR thoughts will benefits the long-term development of companies. It takes account of social and environmental perspective for a sustainable success, maximizing social welfare is an important measure under social perspective, and industrial success is based on sustainable development (Button 2014). Resources is limited in the world, when managers make decisions, they should consider to increase the long-run value for firm rather than a short-run financial performance including equity, debt and stock. Ryanair cancel safety cards stuck on the back of the seats, the legal proceeding is debatable. It requires trade off through time, also among different constitutions. When companies give up present cost of a unit for receiving that at some time in the future. As costs of input come from different resources including labour, capital or material purchased. The company with CSR can attract and retain talents and establish the brand image and reputation for companies. The power of suppliers as one force represents inputs, simultaneously, they consist of important stakeholders including suppliers, employees, aircraft manufactures and fuel as well as airports. Firstly, employee as the most important internal stakeholder has high bargaining power within industrial. It is reported from BBC, the pilots of FK struck due to the reduction of their salary when low cost strategy adopted (Stothard and Bryant 2014). As above mentioned, company should not save cost from input to create short term profit, it impaired the interests of employees, employees will bring less output; on the contrary, if company can give them more care and welfare, they will create more value, such as  company can provide training and individual deportment planning to maintain enough talent pool for future development, employee also will return to company through high qual ity of services and improve the satisfaction of customers. Setting an adverse example, Foxconn as a large manufacturer adopted military management to employees and ignored their normal needs for reducing cost, as a result, employee suicide and reputation of company was impaired, likewise talents are not willing to work here under abnormal management. CSR could be employee and employer relationship, while Legal utilization for employee is only the lowest level of CSR, Low cost strategy with CSR should not only obey legal behavior, but also pursue ethical, economic and philanthropic behavior (Carroll 1991). Aircraft manufacture is another stakeholder group, low cost strategy may squeeze their price and change manufacture process, as FK wants to reduce the weight of seats and increase the intensity of seat. They should â€Å"co-production† with them rather than simply ask them to achieve requirement, otherwise, suppliers will be reluctant to change manufacturing process for FK only. For instance, IKEA uses flat-package for products from manufacturing to selling as core competitive advantage, it desires suppliers of China to satisfy the flat-package manufacturing process, it not only help to upgrade production technology, but also provide training programme for employee (Inge and Claes 2011). IKEA maintains the good relationship with suppliers. These ethical and economic CSR behavior will increase the wealth of stakeholders, simultaneously, it improves itself production efficiency in value chain. For philanthropic behavior as the highest level, company donates to communities for local better development. Company can collaborate employees to contribute this, such as employee regularly participate volunteering activities for 20 hours each year. Also, as environmental and legal analysis above, CSR perspective can stimulate the innovation and initiative of company. For low-cost strategy, FK can try to innovate new technology or operational methods, such as the use of biofuels and the improvement of CO2 emission disposing. The last force is the threat of substitute, the prevalence of high speed rail as substitute has advantages for a short route. Especially, for business  group, they can use telecommunications on high speed train, and company also spend less on business trip. So the business passengers is decreasing. The noisy and pollution are comparative less than airplane. As German Airplane adopts corporate with high speed rail to compete with LCCs. Based on analysis above, Air France-KLM (FK) adopt low cost strategy, the opportunities and threats can be identified. Liberalized market environment and rapid privatization process provide a favourable condition for development of new model, while they also achieve a high competitive market. It represents other large-sized company also can adopt this model to enter the market. Also, existed competitors with first mover advantages and rich experience, and high speed train as substitutes whose advantages are salient gradually capture the market share for a short-route trip. The pressure of legal environment on CO2 emission and labour union is heavy for operation of FK on low cost strategy. Compared to Ryanair, it ignored the CSR behaviour no matter what level about legal, ethical and philanthropic behaviour. It will be a path for long-term sustainable development for FK. CSR more concern social and environmental value that FK could create, it as a large airline company will explore and represent a new and correct path bearing CSR rather than the short development for financial performance, because it will cause tragedy of the common for the whole society, it will more take account of the interests of stakeholders. In detail, it can use biofuel and decrease the CO2 emission, also maintain good relationship with customers and employee, as well as suppliers. Catching the development of technology, FK should utilize the big data to dig needs of customers to innovate the business model. Under the turbulence of terrorism, European countries can corporate together to resist it for the whole society. French domestic CSR policy as a national competitive advantage will support this business model of FK (France Diplomatie 2014), as investment in CSR while it is difficult to receive profit in short-term, so perhaps FK could reduce the short-term financial pressure from support of government. So the policy of government is consistent with corporate strategy will be helpful. A differentiated low-cost strategy could be adopted by FK. CSR can be a culture of company as a competitive advantage to position itself in market, so that it will always stimulate the innovation and learning of organization, and maintain effective human resources management such as attracting and retaining talents. Organization should consider the knowledge management through technology to advocate CSR concept to every internal and external stakeholders in order to better achieve CSR activities. In addition, FK as one of large-size companies, it has enough experience and strengths to compete with other LCCs, even though they have first mover advantages in terms of reputation and economics of scale. On the other hand, as a large-size company has solid organizational institution and vested interested group so that the strategy change of organization is not easy. As the growth of Euro area with uncertainty lead to bigger risk FK will face (Cadman and Giles 2014), it indicates FK should concern the operational resilience and strategic resilience, once it suffers the unexpected adversity. In conclusion, under the analysis of complex and dynamic environment, Air France-KLM should adopt a differentiated low cost strategy. The economic and political market environment with high-degree liberalization and privatization will provide conditions for the development of business model, also increase the market competition due to a large number of rivals emerging under deregulation. Ryanair and EasyJet with first mover advantages have captured the large market share, also they have accumulated more experience, but the weakness of rivals and trend of environment such as regulation on CO2 emission and sustainable development indicate FK should bear responsibility to seek another path, which more concern the interests of stakeholders, CSR behaviour and activities to create long-term value such as the use of biofuel. At the same time, FK can integrate CSR as a culture, also a competitive advantage in order to continually motivate itself to innovation and learning, also improve the effectiveness of human resources management. The development of technology will require FK to utilize data to dig needs of  customers to innovate the business model in big data time. European countries also need to corporate together to resist it for common society under the turbulence of terrorism. Uncertainty of environment also require company have operational resilience and strategic resilience, once it suffers the unexpected adversity. References: Air France-KLM S.A. company profile, (2014) Market Line [Online] Available from: http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=172f9c2f-747f-4b99-9c37-34a375aa6a06%40sessionmgr110vid=1hid=114 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] BBC 2014 Eurozone inflation rate falls to 0.3% BBC 28.Nov. 2014 [Online] Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30243113 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Barber, T., (2014) France shows courage in diagnosing its economic ills, FT, 22,Dec, 2014 [Online] Available from: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a364d628-86cd-11e4-8a51-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=uk#axzz3Nmt1hzwF [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Button, K., (2012) Low-cost airlines: a failed business model? Transportation Journal, Vol, 5. No.2, pp197-219 [Online] Available from: http://0-muse.jhu.edu.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/journals/transportation_journal/v051/51.2.button.html [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Budd et al (2014) Grounded: Characterising the market exit of European low cost airlines Journal of Air Transport Management Vol, 34, pp78-85 [Online] Available from:http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0969699713001129 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] CAPA 2014 [Online] Available from: http://centreforaviation.com/profiles/hot-issues/low-cost-carriers-lccs [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Cruz. C.O., and Marques. R.C., (2011) Contribution to the study of PPP arrangements in airport development, management and operation. Transport policy Vol.18 pp392-400 [Online] Available from http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S0967070X10001460 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Carroll, A., (1991) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Business Horizons, 42: 39-48 Kew. J. and Stredwick J. (2005) Business environment: managing in a strategic context. London: The Cromwell Press Clark. N 2014 Air France-KLM Restructuring Puts New Focus on Its Low-Cost Airline The New York Times 11. Sept. 2014 [Online] Available from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/12/business/international/air-france-klm-restructuring-puts-new-focus-on-its-low-cost-airline.html?_r=1 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Dobruszkes F. (2011) high-speed rail and air transport competition in western Europe: a supply-oriented perspective. Transport policy Vol.18 pp.870-879 Fu. X.W., Oum, T.H., 2014 Air Transport Liberalization and its Effects on Airline Competition and Traffic Growth – An Overview In The Economics of International Airline Transport. Vol, 4 pp11-44 [Online] Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2212-160920140000004000 [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] France Diplomatie 2014 [Online] Available from http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy-1/economic-diplomacy/corporate-social-responsibility/france-s-domestic-csr-policy/ [Accessed: 15 Dec 2014] Inge, I and Claes, G.A., 2011 Upgrading in global value-chains: a case study of technology-learning among IKEA-suppliers in China and Southeast Asia Journal of Economic Geography 11 (2011) pp. 731–752 Jensen. M.C., (2001) Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function European financial management Vol.7 No.3 pp297-317 [Online] Available from

Antilock Brake System Abs Model Based Design Computer Science Essay

Antilock Brake System Abs Model Based Design Computer Science Essay An Antilock Brake System (ABS) is a closed loop control system that modulates the brake torque that is applied to the wheel in order to prevent the controlled wheel from becoming fully locked. ABS is among the most important safety systems in a vehicle. In automatic highway system, automatic brake actuation is a very important part of the overall vehicle control system. It prevents the wheel lock-up under critical braking conditions, such as those encountered with wet or slippery road surfaces and driver panic reaction (Bosch, 1995). By preventing the wheel lock-up, ABS ensures that the vehicle remains responsive to steering wheel inputs. Reduced stopping distance on account of ABS is more evident on wet or slippery road surfaces (Garrick et al., 1998). 1.2 MODEL BASED DESIGN Designers of embedded control system software face difficult challenges. In addition to the need to complete projects at low cost and within tight schedules, embedded control system software designers must provide predictable performance and competitive features for the products they deliver. Traditional methods of designing, testing, and implementing embedded control systems cause designers to wait until late in the design effort, when actual or prototype products and real-time embedded targets become available, to find out if software really works as it was intended to. Only then, as system integration occurs, can the designer uncover the errors that may have found their way into the product during the early design stages. Model-Based Design with MathWorks tools provides a proven technique for creating embedded control systems. It is used today for satellites, aircraft, and many other aerospace applications, in the automotive industry, and for process control, computer peripherals and industrial machinery. Through Model-Based Design, embedded control system design teams can begin evaluating software designs without using prototype products and real-time targets. The MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design allows engineers to mathematically model the behavior of the physical system, design the software and model its behavior, and then simulate the entire system model to accurately predict and optimize performance. The system model becomes a specification from which you can automatically generate real-time software for testing, prototyping, and embedded implementation, thus avoiding manual effort and reducing the potential for errors. Fig 1.1. Model-Based Design for embedded control system software Changes or corrections to the system requirements and specifications are easily incorporated into the model, fully evaluated by simulation, and automatically reflected in the final real-time embedded software. 1.3. MODELING AND SIMULATION To effectively design an embedded control system and accurately predict its performance, designers must understand the behavior of the entire system in which the control system will reside. MATLAB and Simulink form the core environment for Model-Based Design for creating accurate, mathematical models of physical system behavior. The graphical, block-diagram paradigm of the MathWorks environment lets you drag-and-drop predefined modeling elements, connect them together, and create models of dynamic systems. These dynamic systems can be continuous-time, multi-rate discrete-time, or virtually any combination of the three. You can create custom model elements or reuse legacy code-based models by incorporating C, Fortran, or Ada code directly into the modeling environment. The modeling environment is hierarchical and self-documenting. System structure and function can be clearly expressed by grouping model elements in virtually any combination, allowing large teams to work concurrently on the design. Libraries of hierarchical elements can be quickly created, allowing those elements to be reused easily by other members of the design team or on subsequent designs. Fully integrated into the environment is the capability to graphically model event-driven systems using state charts, truth tables, and flow diagrams. Specialized capability for mechanical and electrical power systems allows models of these systems to be constructed using modeling elements that correspond directly to the structure of the physical system, avoiding the need to express them as mathematical equations. If prototype or actual physical systems are available and input/output data can be acquired from them, mathematical models can also be created using system identification techniques. As soon as a hierarchical element of the model is constructed, that element can be simulated. Simulation allows specification, requirements, and modeling errors to be found immediately, rather than waiting until later in the design effort. As the model becomes larger, through the addition of hierarchical elements or by increasing the complexity of existing ones, the designer can continue to find and correct errors during simulation by using the model coverage, performance profiling, and interactive debugging features. When the physical system model is specified to the required level of detail and simulation has shown the model to be accurate, the control system can be designed. 1.4. CONTROL SYSTEM SOFTWARE DESIGN With the behavioral model of the physical system available, the designer can begin the embedded control system software design. The MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design supports many types of control system design techniques and requirements that range from the simple to the most complex and large-scale. For example, some product designs may require using linear control design methods to determine the correct algorithms and parameters for the control system software. Using MATLAB and Simulink, the designer can automatically create the linear physical system models needed by this design technique, calculate the parameters, and then visualize the results using Bode plots and root locus diagrams. Other applications may require less sophisticated techniques to determine the correct control system design. Regardless of the control system design method used, the MathWorks environment for Model-Based Design helps the designer use interactive simulation to quickly evaluate each contr ol system design model in conjunction with the physical system model and avoid the risk, expense, or need for prototypes or actual physical systems. As the control system functional design is completed and the target environment needs to be considered, the designer can specify implementation details for the software directly in the modeling environment. The MathWorks environment supports all aspects of control system software design, including processor, interface, or standards issues. For example, you may need scaled integer or fixed-point data types for target processors that have no floating-point math capability. The effects of fixed-point mathematics can be evaluated by simulation, to see if the proper data sizes and scale factors have been selected. Data structures that are needed to meet software standards or target environment interface requirements can be defined as part of the system model and then realized when the embedded control system software is automatically generated. When the control system software design is complete, you can simulate the entire system model. During simulation, you can automatically collect model profiling and coverage information that will help you assess performance and discover errors. If performance does not meet expectations or errors are found, you can easily change the model to correct the problem and then simulate the model again to confirm the change or correction. Once simulation of the entire system model has shown that the design meets the desired performance requirements, you can automatically generate software for real-time testing and implementation, using the model as a specification. 1.5. EMBEDDED SOFTWARE TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION Using the system model and Real-Time Workshop, real-time code for testing, validation, and embedded implementation on the production target processor can be automatically generated. As it is created, the code is automatically optimized for fast execution and efficient use of memory. Automatically generating code from the system model avoids errors due to manual translation of the model into code, and saves time, allowing software developers to focus on more demanding tasks. The MathWorks provides a turnkey software environment called xPC Target for real-time prototype testing, calibration, and validation of this automatically generated code using a PC-based hardware target system. xPC Target includes a real-time kernel, device drivers, and all the support software needed to create a rapid control prototyping system for real-time software testing and validation. It can also be used to provide hardware-in-the-loop capability, using code generated automatically from the physical system model. Hardware-in-the-loop testing allows the designer to simulate the real-time behavior and characteristics of their physical system, so that prototype or production control system software can be tested without the need for the actual hardware or operational environment. For embedded system designers who prefer an integrated capability, The MathWorks has a fully tested, custom configured, PC-based target hardware system. Chapter 2 MODELING AND SIMULATION 2.1. MODELING A computer model, as used in modeling and simulation science, is a mathematical representation of something-a person, a building, a vehicle, a tree-any object. A model also can be a representation of a process-a weather pattern, traffic flow, air flowing over a wing. Models are created from a mass of data, equations and computations that mimic the actions of things represented. Models usually include a graphical display that translates all this number crunching into an animation that you can see on a computer screen or by means of some other visual device.   Models can be simple images of things-the outer shell, so to speak-or they can be complex, carrying all the characteristics of the object or process they represent. A complex model will simulate the actions and reactions of the real thing. To make these models behave the way they would in real life, accurate, real-time simulations require fast computers with lots of number crunching power. 2.2. SIMULATION Simulations (and models, too) are abstractions of reality. Often they deliberately emphasize one part of reality at the expense of other parts. Where as models are mathematical, logical, or some other structured representation of reality, simulations are the specific application of models to arrive at some outcome. 2.2.1 Types of simulations Simulations generally come in three styles: live, virtual and constructive. A simulation also may be a combination of two or more styles. Live simulations typically involve humans and/or equipment and activity in a setting where they would operate for real. Think war games with soldiers out in the field or manning command posts. Time is continuous, as in the real world. Another example of live simulation is testing a car battery using an electrical tester. Virtual simulations typically involve humans and/or equipment in a computer-controlled setting. Time is in discrete steps, allowing users to concentrate on the important stuff, so to speak. A flight simulator falls into this category. Constructive simulations typically do not involve humans or equipment as participants. Rather than by time, they are driven more by the proper sequencing of events. A simulator is a device that may use any combination of sound, sight, motion and smell to make you feel that you are experiencing an actual situation. Some video games are good examples of low-end simulators. Simulations are complex, computer-driven re-creations of the real thing. When used for training, they must recreate reality accurately; otherwise you may not learn the right way to do a task. 2.3. MODELING AND SIMULATING ORDINARY SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Consider the second order differential equation (1) This can be written as two first order differential equations if we introduce two new variables, x1(t) and x2(t).   Let x1(t)=y(t).   We can then write two coupled first order equations. (2) (3) The solution can be approximated in Simulink by using two integrators to integrate the first order derivatives. 2.3.1. Building a Simulink Model We start Simulink from the Matlab prompt by typing Simulink.    We will be needing blocks from the Source, Sink, Linear and Non-linear libraries, so double click on them to open them up.   In the window labeled untitled, drag two integrators from the Linear library, connect them, and change their labels. Fig2.1. Building Simulink Model (Step 1) The input to the leftmost integrator is the derivative of x2, and its output is x2.   The input to the rightmost integrator is the derivative of x1 (=x2), and its output is x1.   We can complete the representation of the differential equation except for the input, by adding two gain blocks (and flipping them using the Format option of the Simulink menu. Fig2.2 Building Simulink Model (Step 2) To add the input we will use the clock (from Source), the trigonometric function (from Non-Linear) and another gain block.   The completed diagram should look like the one shown below. Fig2.3. Building Simulink Model (Step 3) 2.3.2. Running Simulation and Viewing Results To view the results of the simulation, add a scope (from Sink).   In this case we only want to view 80 ms of simulation, so go to the Simulation menu and choose Parameters, and set the stop time to 0.08 seconds.   To start the simulation hit the start button, or go to Simulation->Start.   The scope output is shown below (after zooming with the Binocular tool at the top of the scope window. Fig2.4 Simulation Results of the Model It is often desirable to save the data to Matlab.   To save the time variable, the input and the output, we add three To Workspace blocks (from Sink) and give them each a different name (these are the names of the variables that will be in the Matlab workspace). Fig2.5 Building Simulink Model (Step 4) Chapter 3 ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM 3.1 INTRODUCTION Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) are closed loop control devices within the braking systems which prevent the wheel lock-up during braking and as a result, retain vehicle steerability and stability. The main ABS components are hydraulic modulators, wheel speed sensors, ECU for signal processing and control and triggering of the signal lamp and of the actuators in the hydraulic modulator. Fig 3.1 Location of the ABS in a vehicle 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM The theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a non-skidding wheel. If we have been stuck on ice, for example, we know that if the wheels are spinning we have no traction. This is because the contact patch is sliding relative to the ice. By keeping the wheels from skidding while we slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit in two ways: The vehicle stops faster, and we will be able to steer while we stop. There are four main components to an ABS system: Speed Sensors, Pump, Valve and an ECU. 3.2.1 Speed Sensor The anti-lock braking system needs some way of knowing when a wheel is about to lock up. The speed sensors, which are located at each wheel, or in some cases in the differential, provide this information. 3.2.2 Valves There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions: In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right through to the brake. In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder. In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake. 3.2.3 Pump Since the valve is able to release pressure from the brakes, there has to be some way to put that pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is there to get the pressure back up. 3.2.4 The ECU The ECU receives, filters and amplifies the speed sensor signals and ascertains from them the degree of wheel slip and the acceleration of the individual wheels as well as the reference speed which is the best possible calculation of the vehicle road speed. Most of the systems use vehicle specific LSI circuits for this purpose. Fig 3.2 Anti Lock Brake Pump and Valves 3.3 WORKING OF ABS There are many different variations and control algorithms for ABS systems. We will discuss how one of the simpler systems works. The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before the wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked, the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 kph) under ideal conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a second. The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees acceleration, then it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power. When the ABS system is in operation we will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. Some ABS systems can cycle up to 15 times per second. 3.4 TYPES OF ABS: Anti-lock braking systems use different schemes depending on the type of brakes in use. Referring them by the number of channels, that is, how many valves that are individually controlled and the number of speed sensors, we have the following:   i) Four-channel, four-sensor ABS This is the best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum braking force. ii) Three-channel, three-sensor ABS This scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. iii) One-channel, one-sensor ABS This system is commonly found on pickup trucks with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle. This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify. Usually there will be one brake line going through a T-fitting to both rear wheels. We can locate the speed sensor by looking for an electrical connection near the differential on the rear-axle housing. Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ABS On initial braking, the brake pressure is increased, the brake slip ÃŽÂ » rises and at the maximum point on the adhesion/slip curve, it reaches the limit between the stable and unstable ranges. From this point on, any further increase in the brake pressure or braking torque does not cause any further increase in braking force FB. In the stable range, the brake slip is largely deformation slip, it increasingly tends towards skidding in the unstable range. Actuator Desired Slip Controller Vehicle Dynamics Actual Slip Fig4.1. Block Diagram of ABS We model the ABS using Matlab/Simulink where in the various mechanical blocks are realized and mathematical models of the same are readily available in the Simulink library. The ABS simulation model follows the below shown control loop. The reference variable is the desired relative slip which is fed as an input to the system. The control system in our case is the wheel whose parameters like wheel speed are measured. The feedback path consists of the user defined equation which measures the relative slip of the wheel and the error is rectified at the initial stage. The model represents a single wheel, which may be replicated a number of times to create a model for a multi-wheel vehicle. Fig 4.2. ABS Control Loop 4.2 ANALYSIS OF ABS: For understanding the concept of ABS, we make use of the free body diagram of a wheel. We make use of the formulae for force and torque acting on the wheel. The below figure gives us a clear understanding about the forces acting on a wheel. The wheel rotates with an initial angular speed that corresponds to the vehicle speed before the brakes are applied. We used separate integrators to compute wheel angular speed and vehicle speed. We use two speeds to calculate slip, which is determined below. Note that we introduce vehicle speed expressed as an angular velocity (see below). . (Equal to wheel angular speed if there is no slip.) (1) Fig 4.3 Free Body Diagram of a single wheel (2) (3) is the wheel speed divided by the wheel radius. is the vehicle linear velocity. is the wheel radius. is the wheel angular velocity. We can also write (3) as (4) Where V is the vehicle speed, à Ã¢â‚¬ ° is the wheel speed and r is the radius of the wheel. From these expressions, we see that slip is zero when wheel speed and vehicle speed are equal, and slip equals one when the wheel is locked. A desirable slip value is 0.2, which means that the number of wheel revolutions equals 0.8 times the number of revolutions under non-braking conditions with the same vehicle velocity. This maximizes the adhesion between the tire and road and minimizes the stopping distance with the available friction. If an excessive brake torque is applied, the wheel will be locked, which means that it slides on the road surface but does not rotate at all. A locked wheel has no lateral stability and less longitudinal friction force, which is the ultimate force to stop the vehicle. Thus, a braking with a locked wheel will cause longer stopping distance and lateral instability. The tire force from the road surface causes the wheel velocity to increase, thus decreases the wheel slip. A high ÃŽÂ ¼ leads to a large tyre force and a low ÃŽÂ ¼ leads to a small tyre force. In the increasing part of the ÃŽÂ ¼-slip curve, an increase of the wheel slip leads to a larger ÃŽÂ ¼ and a larger tyre force, which reverses the wheel slip to a small value. However, in the decreasing part of the ÃŽÂ ¼-slip curve, an increase of the wheel slip leads to a smaller ÃŽÂ ¼ and a smaller tyre force, which causes the wheel slip to increase continuously. So, the peak point of the ÃŽÂ ¼-slip curve is criti cal. When a braking is initiated, the wheel velocity starts to decrease and the wheel slip starts to increase from zero. The wheel slip may stop increasing and start to decrease before the ÃŽÂ ¼ reaches its peak point. But if an excessive brake torque is applied, the wheel slip may go straightly to a large number, which causes the ÃŽÂ ¼ to pass its peak point and reach somewhere in the decreasing part of the ÃŽÂ ¼-slip curve. If the brake torque is not reduced quickly at this point, the reduction of the road friction force will lead to a rapid increase of the wheel slip and eventually to a wheel lockup. ABS tries to detect when this peak point is going to be reached and then reduces the brake torque properly so that a wheel lockup could be avoided. Fig 4.4. ÃŽÂ ¼-slip Friction Curve It appears to be true that maintaining the wheel slip at the peak point of the ÃŽÂ ¼- slip curve is ideal. However, the position of the peak ÃŽÂ ¼ point varies on the different road surfaces. In addition, stay at the peak point of the ÃŽÂ ¼- slip curve sometime may lead to a poor lateral stability. Thus, many control strategies define their performance goal as maintaining the wheel slip near a value of 0.2. This represents a compromise between the lateral stability, which is best at ÃŽÂ »=0 and the maximum deceleration which usually appears when ÃŽÂ » is between 0.1 and 0.3. 4.3 IMPLEMENTATION The friction coefficient between the tire and the road surface,  µ, is an empirical function of slip, known as the  µ-slip curve. We created mu-slip curves by passing MATLAB variables into the block diagram using a Simulink lookup table. The model multiplies the friction coefficient,  µ, by the weight on the wheel, W, to yield the frictional force, Ff, acting on the circumference of the tire. Ff is divided by the vehicle mass to produce the vehicle deceleration, which the model integrates to obtain vehicle velocity. In this model, we used an ideal anti-lock braking controller, that uses bang-bang control based upon the error between actual slip and desired slip. We set the desired slip to the value of slip at which the  µ-slip curve reaches a peak value, this being the optimum value for minimum braking distance (see note below.). Note: In an actual vehicle, the slip cannot be measured directly, so this control algorithm is not practical. It is used here to illustrate the conceptual construction of a simulation model. Fig 4.5. Simulink Model of the ABS In the above figure, the wheel speed, vehicle speed and the stopping distance are measured and the error value is fed back through the feedback path. Also, tire torque and the relative slip are fed as inputs to the wheel speed block. Notice that the model is a reference model which has its own internal block. Double click on the Wheel Speed subsystem in the model window to open it. Given the wheel slip, the desired wheel slip, and the tire torque, this subsystem calculates the wheel angular speed. To control the rate of change of brake pressure, the model subtracts actual slip from the desired slip and feeds this signal into a bang-bang control (+1 or -1, depending on the sign of the error). This on/off rate passes through a first-order lag that represents the delay associated with the hydraulic lines of the brake system. The model then integrates the filtered rate to yield the actual brake pressure. The resulting signal, multiplied by the piston area and radius with respect to the wheel (Kf), is the brake torque applied to the wheel. Fig 4.6. Wheel Speed Model for the ABS The model multiplies the frictional force on the wheel by the wheel radius (Rr) to give the accelerating torque of the road surface on the wheel. The brake torque is subtracted to give the net torque on the wheel. Dividing the net torque by the wheel rotational inertia, I, yields the wheel acceleration, which is then integrated to provide wheel velocity. In order to keep the wheel speed and vehicle speed positive, limited integrators are used in this model. After we build the ABS model in simulink, we have to configure the parameters related to simulation of the model. We need to specify that the signals are exported to the Matlab workspace where they are analyzed and results are viewed. This is done by checking the signal logging field in the configuration parameters option provided in the simulation tab. Fig 4.7. Configuring Parameters for the model We make a Matlab code which makes use of the inputs and outputs used by the simulink model and we plot the waveforms. 4.3.1 ABS Code h = findobj(0, Name, ABS Speeds); if isempty(h), h=figure(Position,[26 239 452 257], Name,ABS Speeds, NumberTitle,off); end figure(h) set(h,DefaultAxesFontSize,8) logsout.unpack(all); plot(Vs.Time, Vs.Data); set(findobj(type,line),color,[0 1 0]); hold on; plot(Ww.Time, Ww.Data); title(Vehicle speed and wheel speed); ylabel(Speed(rad/sec)); xlabel(Time(secs)); set(gca,Position,[0.1300 0.1500 0.7750 0.750]); set(get(gca,xlabel),FontSize,10); set(get(gca,ylabel),FontSize,10); set(get(gca,title),FontSize,10); % Plot arrow with annotation hold on plot([5.958; 4.192],[36.92; 17.29],r-,[5.758; 5.958; 6.029],[36.55; 36.92; 35.86],r- ) text(8.533,54.66,Vehicle speed (omega_v),FontSize,10) plot([7.14; 8.35],[43.1; 56.3],r-,[7.34; 7.14; 7.07],[43.4; 43.1; 44.1],r- ) text(4.342,15.69,Wheel speed (omega_w),FontSize,10) drawnow hold off h = findobj(0, Name, ABS Slip); if isempty(h), h=figure(Position,[486 239 452 257], Name,ABS Slip, NumberTitle,off); end figure(h); set(h,DefaultAxesFontSize,8) slp = logsout.slp.Data; time = logsout.slp.Time; plot(time,slp); title(Slip) xlabel(Time(secs)) ylabel(Normalized Relative Slip) set(gca,Position,[0.1300 0.1500 0.7750 0.750]) set(get(gca,xlabel),FontSize,10) set(get(gca,ylabel),FontSize,10) set(get(gca,title),FontSize,10) Chapter 5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION After building the model, we simulate it using the options provided in the same Simulink window. 5.1 RUNNING THE SIMULATION 5.1.1 With ABS Press the Play button on the model toolbar to run the simulation. We can also run the simulation by executing the sim(FILE NAME) command in MATLAB. ABS is turned on during this simulation. Fig 5.1 Vehicle Speed and Wheel Speed(with ABS) The model logs relevant data to MATLAB workspace. Logged signals have a blue indicator. In this case yout and slp are logged (see the model).The above figure visualizes the ABS simulation results. The first plot in figure shows the wheel angular velocity and corresponding vehicle angular velocity. This plot shows that the wheel speed stays below vehicle speed without locking up, with vehicle speed going to zero in less than 15 seconds. Fig 5.2 Normalised Relative Slip(with ABS) 5.1.2 Without ABS For more meaningful results, consider the vehicle behavior without ABS. At the MATLAB command line, set the model variable ctrl = 0. This disconnects the slip feedback from the contro

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man Wedding Speech Well to be honest Steven I thought you would have spoken for longer today†¦.. as that was probably your last opportunity to speak for any length of time without interruption. Not that I’m saying Ellen talks a lot! Afternoon everybody†¦..or is it evening†¦.. seems so long ago that we started these proceedings†¦. For those of you that do not know me my name is Mark Although I’m sure you’ll have a few other names for me after I’ve finished this†¦. Although BIG NOSE is a little obvious! Also just a little soundcheck†¦.Can hear me at the back???? Good then put a bottle aside for me!!!! Well†¦I hope you’ve all been having a good time and enjoyed yourselves so far†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Good †¦..but as they say †¦.. every silver lining has a cloud†¦.. and I’m afraid it’s just got overcast! I must thank Ellen’s parents for their hospitality today and that really did look like a splendid meal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. although I’m afraid mine should be just be hitting the city sewer system around †¦. About†¦.. now†¦ Response to Steven’s Toast To Bridesmaid First of all may I re-iterate and thank Steven for his complementary comments to the Bridesmaids, who have done a splendid job today at looking wonderful. Although†¦.. No-doubt my sister has already told you this†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read CARDS / TELEGRAMS here! â€Å"Don’t forget dear †¦.. the slightest ill treatment and you come home to Mother! Closer Look†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Oh!! Its for... ...m service lady will of course be puzzled by this request and ask him whether Mrs Scott might want something more substantial To which Steven will probably reply ‘No that’s ok I'm conducting an experiment to see if she eats like a rabbit as well!" Ladies and Gentlemen please†¦.. settle down†¦ Could you please stand now and join me in a toast to the bride’s parents for this special day. Thank you. And while you are all standing I’ve just got a few last things to say†¦.. Steven you are an excellent friend and it’s been an honour to be your best man. I wish you and Ellen all the very best for the future. If everyone could now join me in a toast to Mr and Mrs Steven and Ellen Scott. Congratulations!!!

The Importance of Exile in the Poetry of Seamus Heaney Essay -- Biogra

The Importance of Exile in the Poetry of Seamus Heaney   Ã‚   To be a poet in a culture obsessed with politics is a risky business. Investing poetry with the heavy burden of public meaning only frustrates its flight: however tempting it is to employ one's poetic talent in the service of a program or an ideology, the result usually has little to do with poetry. This is not to condemn the so-called "literature of engagement"; eye-opening and revealing, it has served its purpose in the unfinished story of our century, and now is certainly no time to call for the poet's retreat into the "ivory tower" of the self. Preserving the individual voice amidst the amorphous, all-leveling collective must be the first act of poetic will, a launching board from which each poet must start the effort of poetry. A mere glance at recent Irish history suffices to show a place where this preservation is particularly difficult. The pressures that the bifurcated Irish society exerts on its poets are enormous: taking a political stance is no longer a temptation (this implies a certain luxury of choice on behalf of the tempted) but rather an inescapable reality imposed by the agora of public discourse. Thus the condition of exile becomes the poet's only way out, the sole means of retaining the autonomy of his poetic voice. More than merely a survival tactic, however, it is a strategy of finding home "elsewhere," whether in the original language of the island (and today's minority), as in the case of Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill, or in the larger reality of poetic imagination. Seamus Heaney, who occupies the precarious position of being Ireland's most famous and accomplished living poet while refusing to become its bard, calls our attention to the role of exi... ...Beckett, Samuel. Murphy. New York: Grove Press, 1957. Haviaras, Stratis, ed. Seamus Heaney: A Celebration. A Harvard Review Monograph. 1996. Heaney, Seamus. Crediting Poetry: The Nobel Lecture. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995. ---. The Government of the Tongue: Selected Prose 1978-1987. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989. ---. Selected Poems 1966-1987. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990. Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Malloy, Catharine and Phyllis Carey, ed. Seamus Heaney: The Shaping Spirit. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1996. Said, Edward W. "Intellectual Exile: Expatriates and Marginals." Grand Street 47 (1993): 113-124. Welch, Robert. Changing States: Transformations in Modern Irish Writing. London: Routledge, 1993.

The Age of European Exploration Essay -- European Europe History

The Age of European Exploration The age of exploration was filled with courageous voyagers and conquistadores from all over Europe, much like today, there was much competition for land rights. The main disputes were between Spain and Portugal. And these are the representatives from not only these two countries, but surrounding ones as well. Christopher Columbus was a sea captain from Genoa. He first tried to convince Portugal, then Spain to sponsor a voyage to Asia across the Atlantic. Columbus thought that the voyage would take two months, others said four months, but he left with enough food and supplies for only two months. He landed in the West Indes (Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba) when the two months of supplies ran out. Their voyage began on August 3, 1492, from Palos, Spain and ended on October 12 when land was sighted at the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian that represented the Medici Bank in Spain, chartered the coastline of Central America and described this as the "Mundus Novus", meaning "New World". In 1507, a German carto...