Managers, Management and the Management Environment Lab Report

Chiefs, Management and the Management Environment - Lab Report Example Powerful administration requires the association the executives to have a dream, destinations, arrangements and systems that must be determined. Upgraded the board rehearses have normally being connected to ingenuity, prevalence, association, and guideline of key arranging practice by the organisation’s initiative (Harrison, 2003). This conversation paper will concentrate on the effect of current administration rehearses inside the cordiality business especially the impact of culture, innovation and parochialism with respect to their HR work. The examination will look at why assorted administration rehearses in the business have affected contrarily on worker turnovers and how current administration practices can balance this pattern. There are three primary administrative levels in associations that envelop the top, center and lower level administration levels. The upper level is spoken to by the organization board and overseeing chief or the CEO who details the key designs for the whole association. The center chain of importance of organization contain practical directors including the HR, promoting, and account office administrators. The lower echelon is made of the cutting edge chiefs and their bosses who must be invested with similar specialized abilities that qualify them run the day by day activities of the association. These layers in any case require different abilities to meet all requirements for the specific level’s explicit obligations henceforth the top administrators need origination or expository aptitudes to settle on key choices while the mid-level directors require human abilities to communicate well with all partners yet the last level just require fitting specialized astuteness to rele ase their obligations successfully (Robin and Coulter, 2002). [See outline beneath Figure: 1] Inside the friendliness business, the administration has recognized the centrality of having quality

Hiv Routes Of Transmission Health And Social Care Essay

Human immunodeficiency infection HIV is a lentivirus from retrovirus family unit that causes a HIV Infections in universes which modifies the resistant framework in an extremely horrendous way. HIV causes Acquired immunodeficiency condition ( AIDS ) at the last period of the contamination. The infection assaults safe framework which makes individuals a lot more fragile in battling against contaminations and grouped horrendous diseases1. The boss point of convergence of this infection on human cells is to destruct the CD4 positive T Cells of the natural structure ‘s insusceptible framework. Pulverization of CD4 positive T cells exacerbates it for the resistant framework to fight against the diseases, which permits hazardous timeserving contaminations and more wellbeing employments which may take to perish. Human safe framework comprises of import cells which are being obliterated by HIV. This prompts moo CD4 include which in twist makes the human natural structure powerless in b attling against the infections2. HIV is found in the blood, chest milk, seeds and vaginal liquids of a septic person. The infection is transmitted starting with one individual then onto the next through blood to blood and sexual contact. HIV Infected individual ‘s Saliva with blood or some other natural structure liquids can be unsafe and infective. HIV can be transmitted in various manners, for example, sex, blood transfusion, furthermore sullied subcutaneous acerate leafs. In the UK, the most widely recognized way of securing HIV is by unprotected sex with a person who is HIV constructive. It has appeared in the UK measurements 2010 from the Health Protection Agency that 95 % of those determined to have HIV Positive because of sexual Contact. This shows mass in the UK get contaminated by HIV is through sex which incorporates vaginal, butt-centric and unwritten sex. This infection enters through the circulation system in various manners like slash covering, oral pit and eyes liners, furthermore through the sl ight liner of the rear-end and genitalias. HIV is non transmitted from a septic individual through stroking, touching, ptyalizing, sharing shower towels or shaper, using a similar pool and oral cavity to talk contact1. From the ongoing examination, it has been demonstrated that the accompanying gatherings of individuals are at higher peril of HIV contamination which incorporates individuals who are shooting drugs, sex laborers each piece Wellss as work powers holding sex with men3. There are different techniques to prevent HIV Transmission in our locale through staying away from exercises that drives you to risky employments, for example, unprotected sex and sharing septic acerate leafs and other arranged shooting equipments1, instructing and reding individuals with HIV positive by the specialists and providing them the best mediation so that to hinder HIV transmittal in general4. Current UK rules on HIV reason to build HIV demonstrating in all human services segments to reduce the whole of undiscovered HIV diseases. It is recommended that HIV preliminary ought to be offered to general masses in certain divisions what's more to high risk individuals in other various parts ( for representation, gene ral example ) . The Department of health ( DH ) solicited the National foundation from wellbeing and clinical Excellence ( NICE ) to create open health guidance to build HIV demonstrating between work powers who have sexual associations with work powers to chop down undiscovered disease furthermore to thwart HIV transmittal. HIV Testing is one of the a large portion of import factors which aides and aides the full network in UK through decreased HIV transmission5. Orchestrating to the measurements sing HIV, 6000 to 7000 individuals are analyzed HIV Positive every twelvemonth in England. This is an of import factor to ask the full network to think and show signs of improvement of this activity. Subsequently, urge individuals to arraign in various techniques to hinder HIV transmittal and rescue the network as a rule with providing legitimate cognizance sing HIV6. One of the most viable approaches to hinder HIV transmittal is through sex that is avoid sex is the surest strategy to prevent HIV. In the event that you choose to hold sex so get tried premier to evade HIV transmittal among you and your partner7. Utilization of elastic right in sexual action is the a large portion of import and invaluable point to end the HIV spread and different diseases which are explicitly transmitted at each individual clasp you have intense sex. Condoms are being promoted in various kinds of hues, structures, surface and spirits. Male rubbers are comprised of latex or polyurethane and female rubbers are other than known as FC2, which is utilized for vaginal sex only7. Second, utilization of simply water-based lubricators can increment sexual pleasance each piece great as wellbeing, only by adding wet to the vagina or butt during sex. Greases diminishes the risk of vaginal or butt-centric cryings which can be brought about by waterlessness what's more it shields the elastic from breaking off during sexual activity1. Third, use of dental dam decreases danger of explicitly transmitted diseases. It fills in as a divider between the oral hole and vagina during unwritten sex. Fourthly, abstain from using septic acerate leafs, panpipes, or spoons which can open you to HIV and different infections which are found in the blood1. Pharmacological Prevention of HIV transmittal is through clinical fortes and there are various techniques utilized in hindering its spread. Antiretroviral treatments ( ARTs ) are utilized to deal with HIV, which forestalls viral spread in the natural structure. A blend treatment of antiretroviral or amazingly dynamic antiretroviral treatment ( HAART ) is utilized for the efficacious bar of HIV proliferation and transmittal in the natural structure. CD4 tally and viral weight blood preliminary are two of import factors which help the doctors to decide on the intercession of that exceptional patient. Treatment is regularly begins when the people CD4 tallies appears beneath 350, independent of their quality or nonattendance of their symptoms1. Blending to WHO rules, it expresses that ART acceptances are great in thwarting HIV each piece great as clinically, they are all the more remarkable in taking care of HIV positive patients, when the CD4 tally is under 350 cells/mm3. Viral weight plays the significant capacity in HIV transmittal as it is one of the most noteworthy risk factor in this situation. At the point when the viral weight is under 1500 duplicates/mm3, the risk of passing on HIV is tied in with nothing as proposed by late surveies. Proof shows that the viral weight degrees are diminished by ART, subsequently limits HIV transmittal relying upon individual ‘s HIV position. WHO rules shows that they are essentially connected on stifling HIV and they firmly recommend that the use of ART secures the full network which other than incorporates kids and pregnant grown-up females by taking care of and preventing them from the spread of HIV8. There are various gatherings of ART meds to prevent and deal with HIV infe ction1. Infection connects to the host cell whereby it wires with the host cell film. After the attack into the host cell, the external layer of the infection is evacuated and familial stuff and a catalyst discharged into the host cell, which is called rearward RNA polymerase, which changes over viral RNA to viral DNA, so popular DNA enters to the host cell core where by two technique takes topographic point which incorporates composed content and interlingual interpretation takes topographic point which prompts deliver new virions through peptidase enzyme2. Distinctive antiretroviral clinical claims to fame holding diverse imprint however with one reason, that is to smother viral propagation. Rearward RNA polymerase inhibitors are of two kinds that incorporates nucleoside opposite RNA polymerase inhibitors and non-nucleoside opposite RNA polymerase inhibitors. NRTIs are blemished developing squares of Deoxyribonucleic corrosive when they are consolidated into HIV DNA, henceforth obstructs the viral proliferation strategy, by non completing the Deoxyribonucleic corrosive Chain. NNRTs tie to the chemical opposite RNA polymerase and stifle the strategy of viral replication2. NNRTs are utilized in the mediation or HIV-1 yet it is only here and there utilized for HIV-2 in the UK9. Protease Inhibitors are restrains the technique of creation of viral stuff through meddling with the peptidase protein. In the UK, Protease Inhibitors are Entry Inhibitors will be inhibitors associated with blockading the infection to follow with the host cell film that lead to the obstacle of infection into the host cell. Integrase inhibitors are associated with blockading the strategy of coordinati ng of viral familial stuff into the Host DNA by smothering integrase chemical. Microbicides are compound and pharmacologic substances that are utilized for destructing some small scale life forms that cause horrible occupations to universes. Numerous mixes are being delivered and tried their effectivity against microbicidal action in clinical tests. These stocks are being delivered for vaginal each piece great as rectal applications to shield from HIV contaminations and other explicitly transmitted ailments. By and by, researchers are dealing with this endeavor in creating microbicides for thwarting HIV transmittals and uplift the level of patient safety12. Post-presentation prophylaxis ( PEP ) is ARTs utilized after the introduction like word related injuries10 or sexual exposure11 to hinder HIV contamination. Energy prescriptions are non yet demonstrated each piece great as unlicensed in the UK. They are only bolstered by investigating vitalize creatures. In addition, there are progressing surveies for pre-presentation prophylaxis where it incorporates antiretroviral sedates before the introduction to HIV2. Another safeguard step against HIV is through Vaccination technique. By and by, HIV Vaccine is non accessible however it is one of the on-going examination at an extremely early stage to deliver viable HIV Vaccine into the market so that to secure the full network against HIV disease. Since 1990, surveies have demonstrated that the H

Bragg, Braxton

Bragg, Braxton Bragg, Braxton, 1817â€"76, Confederate general in the U.S. Civil War, b. Warrenton, N.C. A graduate of West Point, he fought the Seminole and in the Mexican War was promoted to lieutenant colonel for distinguished service at Buena Vista. He resigned from the army in 1856 and lived on his Louisiana plantation until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he was appointed a Confederate brigadier general and assigned to command the coast from Pensacola, Fla., to Mobile, Ala. Shortly after being promoted to major general (Jan., 1862), he assumed command of Gen. A. S. Johnston's 2d Corps, leading it in the battle of Shiloh (April). With Johnston's death, Bragg was made a general, and he succeeded (June) General Beauregard in command of the Army of Tennessee. His invasion of Kentucky (Aug.â€"Oct., 1862) was unsuccessful, ending in retreat to Tennessee after Gen. D. C. Buell caught up with him at Perryville. A reorganized Union army under Gen. W. S. Rosecrans was then sent against him an d at Murfreesboro (Dec. 31, 1862â€"Jan. 2, 1863) forced him to withdraw again. In the Chattanooga campaign , Bragg, victorious in the battle of Chickamauga, laid siege to the Union army in Chattanooga, but in Nov., 1863, Gen. U. S. Grant thoroughly defeated him and forced him to retire into Georgia. Gen. J. E. Johnston took over his command (December) and Bragg went to Richmond, where he became military adviser to Jefferson Davis , with nominal rank as commander in chief of Confederate armies. After the war he was chief engineer of Alabama and later lived in Texas, where he died. See biography by D. C. Seitz (1924, repr. 1971); study by G. McWhiney (2 vol., 1969â€"91). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Language Learners Does It Promote Or Hinder Literacy...

In her article, Mainstreaming English Language Learners: Does it Promote or Hinder Literacy Development?, author Esther Somà ©-Guià ©brà ©, discusses the impact on literacy development when English language learners (ELL) are placed in mainstream classrooms. In this study, she followed two ELL students who are native French speaking African immigrants in the fifth grade in American schools. One of the students was a recent immigrant, only arriving five months ago, and the second was in her third year of schooling in America. The major concepts Somà ©-Guià ©brà © highlights are the content knowledge exposure, lack of collaboration between ELL and mainstream teachers, as well as the limited interaction between teachers and their ELL students. The two students in the study were shown to be given limited exposure to content knowledge. Although they were in mainstream classrooms with native English speakers, these ELL students were missing out on a lot of classroom instruction due t o being taken away from the classroom for intervention. The author found that both students would be pulled away during the middle of one lesson and returned in the middle of another. She also discussed the ELL teacher’s viewpoint that the student should be really exposed to content area in social studies for the first grade, not fifth as she needs to â€Å"†¦put the language with that she is doing† (Somà ©-Guià ©brà ©.) Somà ©-Guià ©brà © also found that there was no collaboration between the ELL and mainstream teachers. A lackShow MoreRelatedWhy Latinos Children Are Failing in Education? Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pageson child development has been a great influence in education; language development is the most important phase during the Preoperational stage of cognitive development. During this stage children develop and build up their knowledge and vocabulary by asking questions and expressing ideas through words, images and drawings. This stage is cons iderate to happen from two years of to seven years of age (Kendra Cherry). Language development has direct implications in the intellectual development of a childRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language Instruction1302 Words   |  6 PagesAs a student teacher, I find it extremely important to learn and reflect on language acquisition theories made by many different theorist. As New Zealand is becoming more and more culturally and ethnically diverse (Stats NZ, 2013). This means classrooms will be more diverse. Hence it is important to have knowledge pedagogically on how teacher deliver a second language lesson and how to support ESOL students. Looking at Krashen’s theory, it is broken down into five hypothesis. Acquisition/learningRead MoreBilingual Education : The Problems1695 Words   |  7 Pagesadvocating the importance of bilingual education. Benefits of Bilingual Education There are many benefits to bilingual education. Most benefits will help students, but some benefits will better society. Bilingual education will help students with development, performance, and assimilation, while also helping society accept diversity. In my opinion, the benefits gained from bilingual education supersede the problems because the benefits better society and the problems can be fixed. Bilingual educationRead MoreGroup B. Understanding And Using Inclusive Teaching And1633 Words   |  7 Pagesor might choose to ignore the cultural dimensions, students cannot check their sociocultural identities at the door, nor can they instantly transcend their current level of development†¦ Therefore it is important that the educational strategies we employ in the classroom reflect an understanding of social identity development so that we can anticipate the tensions that might occur in the classroom and be proactive about them† (Ambrose). I use an initial assessment to identify the level of supportRead MoreMulticultural Education : An Effective Classroom Management Plan Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagescultural integrity, and to develop a critical consciousness. Students make up the largest percentage of people in a school, while teachers are the second largest percentage. To become active members in society, students need to develop numeracy, literacy, and technological, social, and political skills. However, the ways to achieve these skills may vary from student to student (Landson-Billings, 1995, pg. 5). Teachers have to be aware of the different cultural backgrounds and individual strengthsRead MoreHistorical Perspective Of English Language Learners2457 Words   |  10 Pagessame way, education is the heart of a civilized nation, and it is the education of immigrant children that must remain a priority in our country. Historical Perspective of English Language Learners Ever since the time of European settlers coming to the shores of the New World, learning to speak the language was a main concern. However, for newly arrived immigrants getting an adequate education was not always easy. As early as the mid-1800s, when many of the state systems of public educationRead MoreA Brief Look at Bilingual Education1691 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez-Wenzy, Perez Gandara (2012), two major research by the National Literacy Panel (NLP) and the Center for Research on Education, Diversity and Excellence (CREDE) on effective approaches in the education of ELLs, found that Reading, spelling and writing instruction in the home language facilitates achievement in English. The same authors also found, that ELL students who receive instruction in their Native language outperform their peers in English-only programs (as cited in Martinez-WenzyRead MorePoem Analysis : Hello Poetry Haters 1386 Words   |  6 Pageshuman culture for so long. From the beginning of our development as an intellectual species, there has always been ways of storytelling. It is something that is a common thread in all cultures and goes back to the days of early man. Pictures were the first way of telling a story and have been discovered in cave paintings dating back over 30,000 years ago(Wendt). As our development as a species evolved, so too did our means of communication. Language grew and became more complex, eventually becomingRead MoreA Critical Review of a Senco Essay4380 Words   |  18 Pagesoverall guide of what dyslexia is and how a dyslexia friendly school should be delivering education to the dyslexic learner. The writers begin with a definition of dyslexia stating that â€Å"dyslexia is a learning difference, a combination of strengths and weaknesses†. This is an informative definition as opposed to the recommendation of Norwich et al (2005) that exemplary schools should promote an inclusive school system whereby dyslexia is considered bu t not in isolation. The BDA (2009) state that importanceRead MoreMotivation in Second Language Learning3745 Words   |  15 PagesKeeley Alvarez LG227: Second Language Learning Assignment 2: Motivation and L2 Learning UP:16/03/2012-01:02:06 WM:16/03/2012-01:02:18 M:LG227-5-FY A:11a2 R:1003600 C:FCFD7C01F07C19DE4FCFB1F2C59A2C5B2D7C79E6 1. Introduction The first part of this essay will discuss the definition of ‘motivation,’ according to second language learning, delving into the issues in relation to the subject as well as highlighting motivational strategies and techniques. I will research into two studies based on motivation

Summary Of Walden Two ( 1948 ) - 757 Words

B.F. Skinner is an American Psychologist from Pennsylvania who developed the idea of Behaviorism after studying at Harvard University (Biography.com Editors, n.d.). He is also known for his works such as, The Behavior of Organisms (1938), the novel Walden Two (1948), and later Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971) which examines behaviorism in society (Biography.com Editors, n.d.). Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born and raised in Susquehanna, a little town in Pennsylvania on March 20,1904 (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014;Biography.com Editors, n.d.). He was an imaginative and inventive child that built different mechanism which included, a cart that steered backwards, a perpetual motion machine, and a flotation device that separated ripe from unripe fruit (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). As he grew older, he also showed an interest in writing, and the ideas of Francis Bacon, whose ideas of inductive reasoning influenced Skinner (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). According to the B.F. Skinner Foundation (2014) once in college Skinner chose to be a writer, he attended Hamilton and after graduating returned home and wrote a few articles which brought him little to no success. He later moved to New York and worked as a bookstore clerk where he stumbled upon the works of Pavlov and Watson, they held an impression on him and he strived to learn more (B.F. Skinner Foundation, 2014). Therefor, Skinner decided to attend Harvard University’s Department of Psychology (B.F. SkinnerShow MoreRelatedUtopia Viewpoint in B.F. Skinners Book, Walden Two924 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948, B.F. Skinner published his novel, Walden Two, based on an utopian viewpoint that once arose from a dinner conversation with a friend. Skinner shared his thoughts with his companion about soldiers returning from war. Skinner was curious as to how soldiers could abandon adventure only to tie themselves down to pursue the â€Å"American Dream† when they could be exploring the world cau ght up in their own personal experiences (Altus Morris, 2004). However, Skinner’s utopian viewpoint was not aRead MoreEssay about Using Reflection to Identify Teacher Development Needs1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthe course and as a trainee teacher. I will then conclude with a summary of my development and identify future professional development needs. â€Å"Reflective practice is understood as the process of learning through and from experience towards gaining new insights of self and/or practice† (Boud et al 1985; Boyd and Fales, 1983; Mezirow, 1981, Jarvis, 1992). Reflection has been an important feature of Teacher education for the last two decades (Dieker Monda –Amaya, 1997; Henry, 1999; Parkay, 2000;Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesstrategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio

Successful Leadership Leads to a Successful Business Free Essays

Quality of leadership has become a major focus of almost every business in America today. Extensive research and analysis of this aspect of management has led to many insightful books on effective leadership. One such book is C. We will write a custom essay sample on Successful Leadership Leads to a Successful Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. O†Conner†s Successful Leadership. O†Conner discusses this complicated subject by breaking it up into seven major areas. These areas are developing awareness, understanding people, power and authority, communication, decision making, creating a vision, and taking charge. Through these seven areas, O†Conner gives valuable skills in becoming an effective leader. Before an individual can begin incorporating the seven major areas of leadership he must first learn followership. Through following, he realizes not only the importance of a leader that looks after the needs of his supporters, but also the need for supporters that contribute to the leader†s success. In any group or team where leadership is present, these two aspects are complimentary. Like wise, the skills of leadership and followership are also complimentary. An individual cannot develop his leadership skills without having developed his followership skills first. Followers learn the importance that teamwork, cohesiveness, and subordination have in the accomplishment of goals. Additionally, when an individual does obtain a leadership position, the experience he gains in following provides a basis to make better decisions. The first major area of leadership is developing self-awareness. In developing self-awareness, one must first obtain the assessment of others. A major source of this assessment is feedback. Careful attention to attitudes, comments and performance of subordinates offer great insight into the effectiveness of a leader. Listening to thoughts and opinions of fellow leaders is another major source. Honesty is the key to both sources of information in that the individual must not disregard negative aspects of his own leadership qualities. He must realize his own faults and shortcomings. The second step in self-awareness is to create a features list. A features list is done by the leader himself and is made up of at least five good leadership traits and at least five bad ones. A leader†s inability to come up with five or more traits in either category means a severe lack of self-awareness. The purpose of the features list is to keep the leader aware of his own qualities. As the individual develops as a leader, he should continuously create new features lists to ensure his own self-awareness. Once the individual has accurately assessed his own qualities, it is then time to implement improvements. A plan of action is the basis of this implementation. The plan should include creating a list of goals that enhance good qualities and make changes to bad ones. The leader must then make strides in realizing these goals. Like the features list, the individual†s plan of action should change as he develops as a leader. The next area of leadership is understanding people. It is essential that a leader understand that each of his subordinates is different, with different drives, dreams, and ambitions. To â€Å"classify† subordinates into a particular group is to deprive them of their individuality and ignore their particular needs. Understanding each subordinate†s needs is the key to motivating them. In assessing the needs of subordinates, a leader must be able to recognize what level each individual is on in Maslow†s hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy of needs is divided into five levels: the need for food, clothing, and shelter; personal safety and a source of income; family, friends, and caring relationships; self-confidence, creativity and individual achievement; meaning and purpose. In determining the level at which an individual is on, the leader can then help that individual in ascending to the next. The outcome is improved performance on the part of the worker. While this is not the only form of motivating people, it is the most effective in long term motivation. Put more practically, a leader can motivate an individual†s performance not only by explaining the advantages to the company, but also the advantages to that individual†s job security and advancement. By nature, humans seek to attain a better quality of life. For this reason, another effective form of motivation is rewarding. Individuals pay attention to doing a job well when they have personal interests as a result of the outcome. The job becomes beneficial to their own profits and not just the company†s. Balancing the use of rewards is very important. Too many offers of rewards result in disappointment and lack of motivation when one is not offered. Leaders must realize that rewards are only temporary forms of motivation that are not successful in long term leadership. The difficult task of managing power and authority is the third area of successful leadership. While understanding the authority of his position, a leader must also be open to the thoughts and ideas of his subordinates. Disregard for opinions is a sign of a weak leader who is afraid of being undermined and therefor hides behind his power. Leaders express leadership through three basic leadership styles: democratic, autocratic, and permissive. The democratic style of leadership is based on a mutual respect and treating everyone equal, regardless of seniority or position. The leader still maintains authority, but others are able to be active participants in finding solutions to problems. Autocratic leadership provides a strong, undisputed style of leadership that is effective when dealing with controversial issues. While clearly defining goals and expectations, the autocratic style of leadership often results in a leader overpowering subordinates which leads to dissension. The permissive style of leadership is described as being a weak attempt at democratic leadership. Subordinates whose leaders have adopted this style of leadership end up with poor coordination, direction, and guidance. In delegating particular tasks, effective leaders will follow a basic format of assignment. Rather then just handing a subordinate a task with the words â€Å"do this† attached to it, a good leader will define the task, discussing in detail the aspects of it, show why it is important and clearly state any expectations. In doing this the worker has a personal commitment and clear understanding of the importance of the task. Finally, the leader will evaluate and discuss the results of the task with that worker, providing feedback for that worker to improve himself. One of the most vital areas in successful leadership is communication. The most basic form of communication is listening and speaking. This involves not only the exchange of spoken words, but also close attention to body language and tone. This attention allows good listeners to sort of â€Å"read between the words† and fully understand the speaker†s message. Effective speakers take time to prepare what they intend to say, giving careful thought to what it is they are attempting to convey. There are five main features to effective communication. These features are often referred to as social skills. The first involves having a purpose for communication. This aids in guiding the exchange of information and avoids useless or irrelevant communication. The next feature is a clear and logical exchange with directness and confidence. The third feature is appropriateness. The presentation of the information must match the needs of the situation. In other words, choosing the format of delivery (i. e. mail, telephone, person-to-person interaction, etc. that is appropriate to the nature of the information. The forth feature is control. The leader must be able to exhibit self-discipline and restrain from over communicating. An example of this is allowing subordinates to learn tasks without intervention, creating an effective learning environment for the worker and not a micro-managed one. The last feature of communication is the ability to learn. Even the best communicators have room for improvement. Leaders must never be satisfied in their communication skills and continuously make efforts to improve them. Decision making is the next area of successful leadership. Leaders can be forced to make several decisions at the same time, making them to prioritize these decisions based on two criteria: future importance and current urgency. Future importance refers to the long term decisions that may seem insignificant presently, but will greatly impact the company in the long run. Making future importance decisions usually requires a great deal of analysis and planning. Current urgency decisions may seem extremely important at the time, but in actuality are not terribly relevant to the success of the company. In either case, future importance or current urgent, an effective leader makes these decisions with confidence and concern for his subordinates. The complications of decision making can often be made easier through good goal setting. In setting a challenging yet attainable goal, the leader gives solid direction to his department and sets clear objectives. From there, many decisions can be based on whether or not the consequences will help in realizing these goals. These goals offer basic guidance, eliminating irrelevant options. Even with the establishment of goals to guide in decision making, tackling a major decision can be very difficult. It is best for the leader to approach these decisions methodically, using a systematic approach of dealing with it. First the leader must establish what the primary and secondary requirements of the decision are and prioritize them. From there, he begins to consider every possible solution and tries to find new ones. Finally, through assessment of the first two steps, the leader chooses the best alternative based what he has come up with. This process can be used by the individual leader or be opened up for use of the entire workgroup in a more democratic leadership environment. The next area in successful leadership is creating a vision. A vision is an ultimate goal, usually rather universal, that gives overall direction to the company and its employees. The result is unified action that steers generally in the same direction. It is the difficult task of a leader to create and maintain this vision as a guiding light in day to day decisions. He must be aware of the sometimes ever changing â€Å"big picture† as seen by the interests of the company and ensure that the vision is in line with that picture. The final area in successful leadership is taking charge. This involves utilizing all of the first six steps and fully applying them to personal leadership development. It also emphasizes the importance of taking charge of leadership qualities that are already there and maximizing their potential. The leader must draw on experience to guide in decisions on how to lead. People are not born leaders. They become leaders through implementing these seven areas into their lives. A good leader must be able to fail and bounce back, learn from experience, and admit their own limitations. This along with a desire to learn and a drive to complete goals create the leader. How to cite Successful Leadership Leads to a Successful Business, Essay examples

The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch Essay By: Kevin THE SCARLET LETTER The Custom House: Hawthorne says that he writes to the whole world hoping that someone will understand what he is talking about. He goes on to speak about Salem, where his relatives have lived and died since its existence. Over time Salem has become more of an instinct to his family, and has tried to escape, but always come back. His children were not born in Salem because he wanted to break free of the tradition. He compares people to plants in that if you do not transplant, future crops will be ruined. We will write a custom essay on The Scarlet Letter Notes By Ch specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He descries his forefathers as Puritans. They would not approve of his lifestyle as a writer because it is to unproductive. He then describes his return to Salem and his new job at the Custom House. His employees are elderly veterans that both amused and pained the author. After the men found out he meant no harm they relax and spend their time telling stories. Custom House Inspector- head leader of all custom houses, great physical condition despite of old age, but had no brains. His father put him into his position. He has no memories of experiences, only food. Collector- very old, strong spirit, his age has physically affected him, in war he was brutal, but now he wouldnt hurt a fly. Surveyor- more in contact with his thoughts than with the real world, motto: Ill try, sir!, described as a rusty sword Authors title: Surveyor of Revenue One rainy day he looks through old barrels of articles and finds a scarlet letter A and a document describing the life of Hester Prynne. He claims that these serve as documents of proof for his novel. (These were never found and were probably made up to give the novel a historical sense. ) He decides to write a book based on this. He does his writing under moonlight or firelight. As he writes he realizes he must leave the Custom House. Its way of producing a stable life is addicting. It doesnt allow you to support yourself. But then he is promoted to P.P. and decides to stay. Just as he begins to feel comfortable he was fired. Because of this he returned to writing. (Metaphor used: political guillotine.) He claims that although the story is somber, his mind-frame while writing remained cheerful. He says he holds no grudges and that the Custom House people do not interest and upset him anymore. He thinks that he will die and soon be forgotten in Salem. He also doesnt think that future generations will find much of an interest in Salem, beyond the towns water pump. Chapter 1: The Prison Door A crowd of men and women is gathered outside of Bostons prison door. Although Boston was originally designed as a Utopia, but the first few things to be built were the prison and the cemetery. He also says that the prison has been aged quickly. Outside of the prison is a small lot with wild plants growing in it. The most important is the rose bush. It offers comfort to prisoners being brought into jail and to people about to be executed. This rosebush has been kept alive in history and outlived the gigantic pines and oaks around it. Chapter 2: The Market Place The author starts the chapter with a crowd outside the prison gate. He explains that in this time even minor violations and punishments were treated exactly the same as executions. Women of this time were not only larger physically, but were more forceful verbally as well. This is the main reason they dislike Hester, who is better looking than they are. They feel that her punishment should be severe, from a branding on her forehead to death. Hester comes out of the prison and allows her three-month-old child to see natural light for the first time. .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .postImageUrl , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:visited , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:active { border:0!important; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:active , .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc7ced8753164ffaa0e6bf6a71cccd4bd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Liberty Valance Essay She then shifts her baby to her other arm to reveal a scarlet A on her. It is described as artistically done, gorgeous, and elaborate. Hester Prynne- young, tall, with a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale, dark hair that was so glossy that it threw off the

Glass Menagerie and D.O.S essays

Glass Menagerie and D.O.S essays Dreams and aspirations help to keep alive, a sense of hope, something to live for. Yet if one does not make their dreams flexible they may fall short and thereby feel their life is unfulfilled. Both Tom Wingfield and Willy Loman in The Glass Menagerie and Death of a Salesman, respectively, live every day with a hope that soon they will be able to achieve these goals that they have set forth for themselves. Yet due to obstinacy of Willys dream it has become impalpable, while Tom has the ability to realize that a man can change his reveries based upon his current conditions. The American Dream is a fabrication in which a man finds happiness with a house, a successful job, a nice car and a perfect family consisting of a wife and 2.5 children. Willy has geared his ambitions towards this dream. He can not accept the fact that he is just another salesman trying to convince his buyers of why his product is important. Willy feels that the only way to succeed in the business world is to be well-liked, yet he can not even do that. He creates illusions of his prosperity in order to cater to his unobtainable dream. Willy convinces himself and his sons when he says, Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never wit in line to see a buyer. Willy Loman is here! Thats all they have to know, and I go right through. Willy Loman can not comprehend that not all dreams come to be and that if one sets their bar too high, they may have to lower it in order to be content in the future. Willy hopes and really believes that someday (hell) have (his) own business, and (hell) never have to leave home anymore. Willys disturbing avoidance of his neighbor Charley is a direct denial of his present state. Charley is living the American Dream. He has worked hard and earned every morsel of food put on his table, every penny out of his pocket. Will...

Its Greeking to Me

Its Greeking to Me It’s Greeking to Me It’s Greeking to Me By Maeve Maddox In the play Julius Caesar, Brutus and Cassius question Casca about the occasion on which Caesar reluctantly refused a crown offered him by Mark Antony. Casca is portrayed as a gruff, plain-speaking sort of man. CASSIUS. †¨Did Cicero say any thing? CASCA. †¨Ay, he spoke Greek. CASSIUS. †¨To what effect? CASCA. †¨Nay, an I tell you that, Ill neer look you i the face †¨again: but those that understood him smiled at one another and shook their heads; but for mine own part, it was Greek to me. Like so many quotations from Shakespeare, â€Å"it’s Greek to me† has entered everyday speech. To say that something is â€Å"Greek to you† means that something written or spoken is incomprehensible, either because you lack the information to understand, or because the speaker or writer has failed to express the idea clearly. A spin-off of Shakespeare’s quotation is the graphic design term greeking. †¨ Greeking, from a typographic point of view, is the use of nonsense or dummy text, instead of the real body copy. This is done by designers to give the page an overall grey, or flat appearance, so as not to distract from the design layout. Design: Talkboard An example of greeking known to anyone who has ever browsed WordPress themes or looked through a computer manual is lorem ipsum. This block of nonsense Latin derives from an essay byappropriately enoughCicero. Designers have good reason to use greeking. Comprehensible copy used to illustrate graphic design is distracting. A client will start reading the copy and be annoyed if it stops mid-sentence. The use of a greeking text ensures that attention remains focused on the design. Messed-up Latin seems to be the most usual form of greeking, but other languages, including Greek, are used. If you would like to generate your own passage of greeking, there’s a site for it. Your choices include Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Russian, Esperanto and Morse Code. Here’s that last paragraph greekedboth figuratively and literally: ΔÎ µ χÎ ±Ã ÃŽ ¬ ÏÆ'Ï…Î ½ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃŽ »Ãâ€ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€¡ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¯ÃŽ µÃâ€š ÃŽ ´Ã ÃŽ ¿, ÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ³Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ πΠµÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ± ÏÆ'ÃŽ µ ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š. ΈτÏÆ'ÃŽ ¹ ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ ÏÆ'φÎ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½ ως ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯ ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ · ÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ³Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ½Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³Ãâ€°ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ®. ÃŽ ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ± ÃŽ ­Ã ÃŽ ³Ãâ€°ÃŽ ½ Ï„Î µÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¬ πΠµÃ ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ½ ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µ, ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ºÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿ÃÆ'ÃŽ · ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½ ÏÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ± ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹, ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃÅ½ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ ­ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ®ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ãâ€š ÏÆ'ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µ. ÃŽ £ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ³ÃÅ'Ï„Î µÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ãâ€š Ï„Î ·Ãâ€š Ï„Î ¹, ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ φÏ ÃŽ ¬ÃÆ'ÃŽ · Ï„Î µÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃÅ½ÃŽ ½ Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃÆ'πΠ¬ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ± ÏÅ'ÃŽ »ÃŽ ·. Everything about lorem ipsum Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

Criminal profiling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Criminal profiling - Term Paper Example hat the â€Å"religious† aspect brings to the equation of profiling of terrorists prompted me to investigate further on how criminal profiling practices and theories, learnt in the class are applicable to such multi-dimensional problems. These complexities include deconstructing political motives from extreme religious beliefs, interpreting historical feuds with a neutral outlook, understanding whether profiling should be conducted for a person (the terrorist), a sect (terrorist group), a religion or a process (training camps). United Nations Conventions targeting Terrorism have been occurring since the 60s, and national anti-terrorism laws have been conceptualized since 1970s-80s. UN and other international conventions have focused their responsiveness to protection of civil aviation and embassies’ staff, protection against abuse of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destructions, rigid monitoring and control on trans-national terrorist acts, restrictions and control of money directed towards financing terrorism. Following the terrorist attacks in numerous parts of the globe, each country (and collectively as International bodies) has developed anti-terrorism laws, policies and practices to combat terrorism. However, it is interesting to note that UN and nation-states are still struggling to gain consensus on â€Å"defining† terrorism (or justification of violence), especially religious in nature. The geopolitical nature of â€Å"religious† terrorism acts as a double-edged sword that on one hand provokes the risk that such behavior is criminalized, while on the other hand falls under the protection of fundamental rights (or freedom of expression). This paper would look into the sociological, neurobiological, and psychological theories of crime and build parallels, hypothesis and conclusions in context to acts of religious terrorism. Understanding such parallels would highlight the similarities (relevance) and deviations between criminal profiling and terrorism

Msc management and marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Msc management and marketing - Essay Example In the UK car market, there has been a high number of big automotive profiles, so it is of utmost significance that any car manufacturer invests a huge amount of capital in the marketing communication to develop a high brand awareness and sustain the same. Back in the year 2005, the expenditure in the UK media has been  £ 600 m which contributed 2 % of the total sales. Due to the high competitive prices, longer product life cycle of the new cars, competition from the second hand automobiles, having a brand identity at the front position is important for the success of the automobile manufacturer. Looking at the current UK automobile market scenario, mass market media like television and press have been considerably significant in the marketing communication mix to attract more customers. However in the current market scenario, significance of other communication media is growing gradually. Organisations must frame and introduce programs to apply and promote the brand positions, the organisation has opted for. If a car manufacturer wants to establish itself as manufacturr of premium quality cars at a high price, it needs to have in house production facilities to sustain the high quality. At the same time, they need to communicate this quality to their customers in order to rationalize the premium pricing for their products (Oxford University Press, 2004). Before considering and implementing the integrated marketing communication strategy, Land Rover must investigate into a number of issues which can impact on the organisation. There can be a number of issues in this automobile industry; few of them have been discussed here. High purchasing and running cost of the automobiles: The purchasing and running cost of the cars has been quite on higher range. A number of factors have been influential to decide on the cost incurred for the same. While some of the costs may not be so new for the consumers, some other new additions have raised the concern. Some of the

An introduction to the macroeconomics of walmart

An introduction to the macroeconomics of walmart Sam Walton, a leader with an innovative vision, started his own company and made it into the leader in discount retailing that it is today. Through his savvy, and sometimes unusual, business practices, he and his associates led the company forward for thirty years. Today, years after his death, the company is still growing steadily. Wal-Mart executives continue to rely on many of the traditional goals and philosophies that Sams legacy left behind, while also keeping one step ahead of the constantly changing technology and methods of todays fast-paced business environment. The organization has faced, and is still facing, a significant amount of controversy over several different issues; however, none of these have done much more than scrape the exterior of this gigantic operation. The future also looks bright for Wal-Mart, especially if it is able to strike a comfortable balance between increasing its profits and recognizing its social and ethical responsibilities. Why is Wal-Mart so Successful? In 1962, when Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas, no one could have ever predicted the enormous success this small-town merchant would have. Sam Waltons talent for discounts retailing not only made Wal-Mart the worlds largest retailer, but also the worlds number one retailer in sales. Indeed, Wal-Mart was named Retailer of the Decade by Discount Store News in 1989, and on several occasions has been included in Fortunes list of the 10 most admired corporations. Even with Waltons death (after a two-year battle with bone cancer) in 1992, Wal-Marts sales continue to grow significantly. Wal-Mart is successful not only because it makes sound strategic management decisions, but also for its innovative implementation of those strategic decisions. Regarded by many as the entrepreneur of the century, Walton had a reputation for caring about his customers, his employees (or associates as he referred to them), and the community. In order to maintain its market position in the discount retail business, Wal-Mart executives continue to adhere to the management guidelines Sam developed. Walton was a man of simple tastes and took a keen interest in people. He believed in three guiding principles: 1. Customer value and service;   2. Partnership with its associates; 3. Community involvement (The Story of Wal-Mart, 1995). The word always can be seen in virtually all of Wal-Marts literature. One of Waltons deepest beliefs was that the customer is always right, and his stores are still driven by this philosophy. When questioned about Wal-Marts secrets of success, Walton has been quoted as saying, It has to do with our desire to exceed our customers expectations every hour of every day (Wal-Mart Annual Report, 1994, p. 5). Waltons greatest accomplishment was his ability to empower, enrich, and train his employees (Longo, 1994). He believed in listening to employees and challenging them to come up with ideas and suggestions to make the company better. At each of the Wal-Mart stores, signs are displayed which read; Our People Make the Difference. Associates regularly make suggestions for cutting costs through their Yes We Can Sam program. The sum of the savings generated by the associates actually paid for the construction of a new store in Texas (The story of Wal-Mart, 1995). One of Wal-Marts goals was to provide its employees with the appropriate tools to do their jobs efficiently. The technology was not used as a means of replacing existing employees, but to provide them with a means to succeed in the retail market (Thompson Strickland, 1995). Wal-Marts popularity can be linked to its hometown identity. Walton believed that every customer should be greeted upon entering a store, and that each store should be a reflection of the values of its customers and its community. Wal-Mart is involved in many community outreach programs and has launched several national efforts through industrial development g rants. What are the Key Features of Wal-Marts Approach to Implementing the Strategy Put Together by Sam Walton The key features of Wal-Marts approach to implementing the strategy put together by Sam Walton emphasizes building solid working relationships with both suppliers and employees, being aware and taking notice of the most intricate details in store layouts and merchandising techniques, capitalizing on every cost saving opportunity, and creating a high performance spirit. This strategic formula is used to provide customers access to quality goods, to make these goods available when and where customers want them, to develop a cost structure that enables competitive pricing, and to build and maintain a reputation for absolute trustworthiness (Stalk, Evan, Shulman, 1992). Wal-Mart stores operate according to their Everyday Low Price philosophy. Wal-Mart has emerged as the industry leader because it has been better at containing its costs, which has allowed it to pass on the sav ings to its customers. Wal-Mart has become a capability competitor. It continues to improve upon its key business processes, managing them centrally and investing in them heavily for the long-term payback. Wal-Mart has been regarded as an industry leader in testing, adapting, and applying a wide range of cutting-edge merchandising approaches (Thompson Strickland, 1995, p. 860). Walton proved to be a visionary leader and was known for his ability to quickly learn from his competitors successes and failures. In fact, the founder of Kmart once claimed that Walton not only copied our concepts, he strengthened them. Sam just took the ball and ran with it (Thompson Strickland, 1995, p. 859). Wal-Mart has invested heavily in its unique cross-docking inventory system. Cross docking has enabled Wal-Mart to achieve economies of scale, which reduces its costs of sales. With this system, goods are continuously delivered to stores within 48 hours and often without having to inventory them. Low er prices also eliminate the expense of frequent sales promotions and sales are more predictable. Cross docking gives the individual managers more control at the store level. A company owned transportation system also assists Wal-Mart in shipping goods from warehouse to store in less than 48 hours. This allows Wal-Mart to replenish the shelves 4 times faster than its competition. Wal-Mart owns the largest and most sophisticated computer system in the private sector. It uses a MPP (massively parallel processor) computer system to track stock and movement which keeps it abreast of fast changes in the market (Daugherty, 1993). Information related to sales and inventory is disseminated via its advanced satellite communications system. Wal-Mart has leveraged its volume buying power with its suppliers. It negotiates the best prices from its vendors and expects commitments of quality merchandise (Thompson Strickland, 1995). The purchasing agents of Wal-Mart are very focused people. Their highest priority is making sure everybody at all times in all cases knows whos in charge, and its Wal-Mart (Vance Scott, 1995, p. 32). Even though Wal-Mart was tough in negotiating for absolute rock-bottom prices, the company worked closely with suppliers to develop mutual respect and to forge long-term partnerships that benefited both parties (Thompson Strickland, 1995, p. 866). Wal-Mart built an automated reordering system linking computers between Procter Gamble (PG) and its stores and distribution centers. The computer system sends a signal from a store to PG identifying an item low in stock. It then sends a resupply order, via satellite, to the nearest PG factory, which then ships the item to a Wal-Mart distribution center or directly to the store. This interaction between Wal-Mart and PG is a win-win proposition because with better coordination, PG can lower its costs and pass some of the savings on to Wal-Mart. Sam Walton received national attention through his Buy America policy. Through this plan, Wal-Mart encourages its buyers and merchandise managers to stock stores with American-made products. In a 1993 annual report management stated the program demonstrates a long-standing Wal-Mart commitment to our customers that we will buy American-made products whenever we can if those products deliver the same quality and affordability as their foreign-made counterparts (Thompson Strickland, 1995, p. 868). Environmental concerns are important to Wal-Mart. A prototype store was opened in Lawrence, Kansas, which was designed to be environmentally friendly. The store contains environmental education and recycling centers (Slezak, 1993). Wal-Mart has also adopted the low cost theme for its facilities. All offices, including the corporate headquarters, are built economically and furnished simply. To conserve energy, temperature controls are connected via computer to headquarters. Through these programs, Wal-Mart shows its concern for the community. Wal-Mart h as been led from the top but run from the bottom, a strategy developed by Sam Walton and carried on by a small group of senior executives led by CEO David Glass. Although recent growth has led Wal-Mart to add more management layers, senior executives strive to maintain its unique culture. This culture, described as one part Southern Baptist evangelism, one part University of Arkansas Razorback teamwork, and one part IBM hardware has worked to Wal-Marts advantage (Saporito, 1994, p. 62). Just how Successful is Wal-Mart? A forecast (see Appendix A) of Wal-Marts income for the period 1995-2000, considering increases of 30.6% in Net Sales, 27.7% in Operating Expenses, and 52.3% in Interest Debt (a level which is below Wal-Marts historically compounded growth rate of 55.6%) indicates that the company should continue to report gains each year until 2000. According to most analysts and company projections, sales should approximate $115 billion by 1996, representing an increase of 30.6% as compared to 1995. If the company continues at this pace, sales should reach $334 billion by the year 2000. The growth on sales that Wal-Mart reported during the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s will be difficult to repeat, especially considering the ever-changing marketplace in which it competes. In an interview, Bill Fields, President of the Stores Division said, Wal-Mart is now seeing price pressure from companies that once assiduously avoided taking it on. These include specialty retailers such as Limited, category killers like Home Depot and Circuit City, and catalog companies like Spiegel. I think everybody prices off of Wal-Mart. Youve got Limited reaching levels wed thought theyd never get to. The result is that everyday low prices are getting lower (Saporito, 1994, p. 66). In addition, the baby-boomers are reaching their peak earnings years, when financial and personal priorities change. Thus, savings, not spending, will likely take precedence because most baby-boomers are approaching retirement. Based on Wal-Marts position in 1994, which was considered a year of expansion for the company, (Wal-Mart added 103 new discount stores, 38 Super-centers, 163 warehouse clubs, and 94,000 new associates) interest debt increased 52.3%. The cost paid by Wal-Mart to finance property plants and equipment forced the company to increase long term debt by 4.6 times during the period 1991-1995. Long term debt for 1995 is $7.9 billion. If Wal-Mart continues its expansion plans based on more debt acquisition at 1994 levels, the company may not attain forecasted gains by as early as 1998. Operating expenses will be a key strategic issue for Wal-Mart in order to maintain its position in the market. The challenge is how to run more stores with less operating expenses. According to Bill Fields,. . . the goal is to increase sales per square foot and drive operating costs down yet another notch (Saporito, 1994, p. 66). Trends indicate that operating expenses have been grow ing at a rate of 27.7% in recent years. However, Wal-Mart should reap the benefits of its investments in high technology, and be able to operate more stores without increasing its expenses. Cost of sales historically has been equal to the level of sales. If the company continues to take advantage of its buying power, Wal-Mart can expect to lower its cost of sales. Wal-Marts future will depend on how well the company manages its expansion plans. For the coming years, the company will need to justify its expansion plans with consistent growth in sales, in order to offset the increases in debt interest and operating expenses. What Problems are ahead for Wal-Mart? What Risks? Throughout the 1980s, Wal-Marts strategic intent was to unseat industry leaders Sears and Kmart, and become the largest retailer in the U.S. Wal-Mart accomplished this goal in 1991. But Wal-Marts current strong competitive position and its past rapid growth performance cant guarantee that the company will remain a s the industry leader or maintain its strong business position in the future. Carol Farmer, a retail consultant, told the Wall Street Journal that, One little bad thing can wipe out lots of good things (Trimble, 1990, p. 267). Every move in its business operation ought to be well thought-out and executed. Wal-Mart needs to address two major areas in order to maintain or to capture an even stronger long term business position: 1) Single-business strategy Wal-Marts success is mainly based on its concentration of a single-business strategy. This strategy has achieved enviable success over the last three decades without relying upon diversification to sustain its growth and competitive advantages. Given its current position in the industry, Wal-Mart may want to continue its single-business strategy and to push hard to maintain and increase market share. However, there is risk in this strategy, because concentration on a single-business strategy is similar to putting all of a firms eggs in one industry basket (Thompson Strickland, 1995, p. 187). In other words, if the retail industry stagnates due to an economic downturn, Wal-Mart might have difficulty achieving past profit performance. Also, if Wal-Mart continues to follow Sam Waltons vision of expansion, Wal-Mart will reach its peak in the very near future. When it does, its growth will start to slow down and the company will need to turn its strategic attention to diversification for future growth. Social responsibility Retail stores can compete on several bases: service, price, exclusivity, quality, and fashion. Wal-Mart has been extremely successful in competing in the retail industry by combining service, price, and quality. However, other merchants may object to Wal-Marts entry into their community. Because of its ability to out-price smaller competitors, Wal-Marts stores threaten smaller neighborhood stores which can only survive if they offer merchandise or services unavailable anywhere else. This makes it very hard for small businesses, such as mom-and-pop enterprises, to survive. They, therefore, fight to keep Wal-Mart from entering their locales. Numerous studies conducted in different states both support and criticize Wal-Mart (Verdisco, 1994). Nevertheless, Wal-Mart did drive local merchants out of business when it opened up stores in the same neighborhood. As a result, more and more rural communities are waging war against Wal-Marts entrance into their market. Besides protesting and signing petitions to attempt to stop Wal-Marts entry into their community, the oppositions efforts can even be found on The Internet. Gig Harbor, a small town in Washington, recently started a World Wide Web page entitled Us against the Wal. The towns neighborhood association promised that they will fight them [Wal-Mart] tooth and nail (PNA/Island Aerie Internet Productions, 1995/1996). The increasing opposition indicates that the road ahead for Wal-Mart may not be as smooth as Wal-Marts annual r eport would entail. This requires Wal-Mart to rethink its expansion strategy since it would not be profitable to operate in an unfriendly community. How Big Will Wal-Mart be in Five Years if all continues to go well? Before he died, Sam Walton expressed his belief that by the year 2000 Wal-Mart should be able to double the number of stores to about 3,000 and to reach sales of $125 billion annually. Walton predicted that the four biggest sources of growth potential would be the following: 1. Expanding into states where it had no stores;  Ã‚   2. continuing to saturate its current markets with new stores;   3. Perfecting the Super-center format to expand Wal-Marts retailing reach into the grocery and supermarket arena a market with annual sales of about $375 billion; 4. Moving into international markets (Thompson Strickland, 1995). Wal-Mart Super-centers represent leveraging on customer loyalty and procurement muscle in order to create a new domestic growth vehicle for the comp any. With few locations left in the U.S. to put a new Sams Club or traditional Wal-Mart, the Super-center division has emerged as the domestic vehicle for taking Wal-Mart to $100 billion in sales. Before the Super-center, Walton experimented with a massive Hyper-mart, encompassing more than 230,000 square feet in size. The idea failed. Customers complained that the produce was not fresh or well-presented and that it was difficult to find things in a store so big that inventory clerks had to wear roller skates. One of Waltons philosophies was that traveling on the road to success required failing at times. As a result of the unsuccessful experiment, Walton launched a revised concept: the Super-center, a combination discount and grocery store that was smaller than the Hyper-mart. The Super-center was intended to give Wal-Mart improved drawing power in its existing markets by providing a one-stop shopping destination. Super-centers would have the full array of general merchandise found in traditional Wal-Mart stores, as well as a full-scale supermarket, delicatessen, fresh bakery, and other specialty shops like hair salons, portrait studios, dry cleaners, and optical wear departments. Super-centers would measure 125,000 to 150,000 square feet, and target locations where sales per store of $30 to $50 million annually were feasible. Waltons prediction was right on target. The Super-center division more than doubled in size during 1993, then doubled again in 1994. Super-centers, once thought of as risky because of slim profit margins on the food side, will most likely make Wal-Mart the nations largest grocery retailer within the next five to seven years (Longo, 1994). Expanding overseas, Wal-Mart moved into the international market in 1991 through a joint-venture partnership with CIFRA S.A. de C.V., Mexicos leading retailer. Since then the company has entered Canada, Hong Kong, Mainland China, Puerto Rico, Argentina, and Brazil. The Wal-Mart International Division w as officially formed in 1994 to manage the companys international growth. By the year 2000, analysts expect Wal-Mart to be a huge international retailer, with numerous locations in South America, Europe, and Asia. The ever-changing market presents continuing challenges to retailers. First and foremost, retailers must recognize the strong implications of a buyers market (Lewison, 1994). Customers are being offered a wide choice of shopping experiences, but no one operation can capture them all. Therefore, it is incumbent upon management to define their target market and direct their energies toward solving that specific markets problems. Technology, demographics, consumer attitudes, and the advent of a global economy are all conspiring to rewrite the rules for success. Success in the next decade will depend upon the level of understanding retailers have about the new values, expectations, and needs of the customer. If Wal-Mart continues its customer-driven culture, it should remain a retail industry leader well into the next century. REFERENCES: Daugherty, R. (1993). New approach to retail signals strong future for point of purchase displays. Paperboard Packaging, pp. 24-27. Lewison, M. D. (1991). Retailing. New York: Macmillan. Longo, D. (1994). New generation of execs leads Wal-Mart into the next century. Discount Store News, pp. 45-47. PNA/Island Aerie Internet Productions (1995/1996). Us against the Wal. Gig Harbor, Washington: Peninsula Neighborhood Association. [Online] Available: http://www.harbornet.com/pna/. Saporito, B. (1994, May). And the winner is still . . . Wal-Mart. Fortune, pp. 62-68. Slezak, M. (1993). Seeds of environmental store planted in 1989. Discount Stores Inc., pp. 25-27. Stalk, G., Evans, P., Shulman, L. (1992, March-April). Competing on capabilities: the new rules of corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review, pp. 55-70. Thompson, A. A., Jr. Strickland, A.J. III. (1995). Strategic management concepts and cases (8th ed.). Chicago: I rwin. Trimble, V. H. (1990). Sam Walton: The inside story of Americas richest man. New York: Dutton. Vance, S., Scott, S. (1994). Wal-Mart: a history of Sam Waltons retail phenomenon. New York: Twayne. Verdisco, R. J. (1994, October). Superstores and Smallness. Discount Merchandiser, p. 8. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (1995). The story of Wal-Mart. Bentonville, Arkansas: Corporate Offices of Wal- Mart Stores, Inc. Wal-Mart Annual Report, 1994 Wal-Mart Annual Report, 1995

Low cost airlines are an environmental disaster

A low-cost carrier or low cost airline is an airline that offers generally low fares in exchange for eliminating many traditional passenger services. The concept originated in the United States before spreading to Europe in the early 1990s and subsequently to much of the rest of the world. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with a low – or lower – operating cost structure than their competitors. Through popular media the term has since come to define any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services regardless of their costs. While most discount airlines have more fuel-efficient fleets than older carriers, their significant contribution to sky traffic is unprecedented. Commercial passenger airlines, especially low cost and Internet sales-based carriers, are experiencing growth internationally. In the United States, airline flight sales dropped 30 percent directly following September 11, but have since made a comeback and are now experiencing slow but steady growth.Today, the U.S. has been able to maintain its place as the leading nation in air travel, and North America accounts for 40 percent of worldwide air traffic. Low-cost airlines such as Jet Blue Airways have led this domestic growth, topping the Bureau of Transportation charts for domestic profit gains. Airline sales in Asia are escalating as well, and the skies are becoming increasingly more crowded. In China alone, the market is projected to grow more than 200 percent from 1999 to 2014. While these flares may seem like a dream come true for low-budget travelers, the resulting surge in air traffic carries with it major environmental costs. Even with the more fuel-efficient technology that has evolved over the last 30 years, air travel remains a significant contributor to climate change. Air transport has increased twice as fast as road transport over the last 40 years. Air travel produces more carbon dioxide per km travelled for each passenger than car travel. There are clearly environmental effects increasing as a result of air travel, while others are decreasing or staying constant. Environmentalists say airlines rate as one of the most polluting forms of transport, with 16,000 commercial jets producing over 600 million tonne of carbon dioxide every year. Meanwhile, precise guidelines on international aircraft emissions are excluded from the Kyoto Protocol, with the stipulation that airline emission reform must be taken up by a separate organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Internationally, fuel used for aviation is tax exempt, and according to ICAO Secretariat John Crayston, â€Å"While the ICAO has established emissions standards for certain emissions there are no standards for CO2.† The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that aviation's share in climate change is at about 3.5 percent of the total contributions, which is predicted to climb to five percent by 2050. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aerosol particles that are emitted in aviation such as soot, metals and sulfuric acid can indirectly influence climate change by causing additional cirrus clouds to form, which in turn trap the heat rising from the Earth's surface. The IPCC projects an overall global temperature increase from 34.7 to 40.1 degrees Fahrenheit between 1990 and 2100. Unlike in the US where a large number of domestic flights emit carbon dioxide over one area, the SDC has said that 97% of UK air transport is non-domestic, with carbon dioxide emissions generated on flights between countries. PARIS – The European boom in †low-cost† airlines, fueled by tax incentives, is increasing the level of toxic gases in the atmosphere and displacing less polluting and more efficient means of transportation for shorter distances, like trains. The Kyoto Protocol and the UK government's energy White Paper targets do not currently cover emissions from international aviation, as there is no global agreement on the allocation of these emissions to countries. It may not mean that the industry would be destroyed, but there are much more efficient and effective tools when it comes to dealing with emissions. One other possibility that has been put forward by the airline industry is emissions trading. Numbers passing through UK airports expected to double to 400m by 2030.Air travel is growing globally at about 5% a year. At the forefront of this revolution are the low-cost, no-frills carriers such as Ryanair, Easyjet and Buzz, which are growing at a phenomenal rate. In June, Easyjet passenger numbers were up more than 50% on the same month last year. Ryanair increased by 34% and Go saw an incredible 72% rise. The lesson learned from these airlines, especially post-11 September, is as clear as it is simple – the cheaper your fares, the more people will fly. But if air travel is allowed to grow unchecked in this way, it will spell disaster for the planet, say environmentalists. More flights mean bigger, busier airports, which in turn means more noise and growing problems with air quality for those who live and work close to airports. But perhaps the biggest concern is the effect on global warming. The problem for environmentalists is that while efforts are being made to cut CO2 emissions from cars and industry, nothing is being done to rein in the airlines. Climatic change Burning aviation fuel releases greenhouse gases predominantly carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, causing the Earth to heat up leads to global warming and the process of climate changes such as higher sea levels, devastating floods and droughts. Air traffic worldwide produces emissions of more than 600 million tons of carbon dioxide. In addition, it releases nitrates, ash, sulfates and water vapor. Some of these substances deplete ozone in the atmosphere. This layer of ozone gas is crucial for protecting life on Earth from the Sun's harmful rays. Flying also releases nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides, and even the vapour trails – contrails – left by planes are thought to be a hazard. It's been suggested that they add to the insulating effect of cirrus clouds on our climate. The Britain-based environmental group Tourism Concern predicts that by 2015 half of the annual destruction of the ozone layer will be caused by commercial air traffic and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates aviation causes 3.5 per cent of man-made global warming and that figure could rise to 15 per cent by 2050. NASA scientists say condensation trails from jet exhausts create cirrus clouds that may trap heat rising from the earth’s surface. This could account for nearly all the warming over the United States between 1975 and 1994. The guidelines on international aircraft emissions were excluded from the Kyoto protocol on climate change and aviation fuel is tax exempt. Aerospace firms have made huge leaps forward, with commercial jets now 70 per cent more fuel efficient per passenger kilometre (mile) than they were 40 years ago, thanks to better engines, lighter materials and aerodynamic designs. Optimists, including Easyjet, pin their hopes on technology to make planes more efficient. And cost-obsessed carriers are continuously searching for ways to use capacity better, find more direct flight paths and cut congestion in order to trim the hefty fuel bills which make up 25 per cent of airline operating costs. Most discount airlines have young, more fuel-efficient fleets and newer airlines in regions such as Asia have leap-frogged older technologies to buy new planes. Hundreds of flights by subsidized airlines in Europe are endangering the global climate and the ozone layer. For now, they fly free of environmental regulations. The industry believes this Air Passenger Duty (APD), which raises  £800m a year, can be regarded as a form of environmental compensation. It may not mean that the industry would be destroyed, but there are much more efficient and effective tools when it comes to dealing with emissions. Since April this year, airlines that use Heathrow Airport have been charged for nitrogen oxide emissions and carriers emitting less receive a rebate. This will happen in Gatwick in a year or so. One other possibility that has been put forward by the airline industry is emissions trading. Under this scheme, to help with the environmental costs caused by civil aviation pollution, by 2008, the industry would pay for other industries, such as the nuclear fuels sector, to reduce their carbon emissions. The proposal has been put forward to the European Commission, and includes an incentive for airlines to pay less into emissions trading if they use more environmentally friendly aircraft. The FOE says emissions trading, and the proposal to differentiate landing charges at airports according to noise levels and air pollution, outlined in last year's aviation White Paper, has potential. The issue of an aviation fuel tax is not top of the international climate change agenda, because it will have to be confronted at a global level. There are a lot of domestic issues the government has to deal with, areas that damage the environment more than the 5% of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the airline industry.On this basis, the likelihood of low-cost air fares rising in the near future is an unlikely one. References BBC news Europe. 2005 . EU plans airline CO2 reductions. [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/4287048.stm . [ 18 November 2006] Christian Dietsche. 2005. The high price of low-cost airlines. [online] http://www.cafebabel.com/en/ [18 November 2006] Daniel Mann. 2004. Calls to control low-cost flights.[online]   [ 18 November 2006] Jonathan Duffy. 2002. The high price of low-cost airlines. [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/2327487.stm [ 19 November 2006] Julio Godoy.2004. EUROPE: The True Cost of Flying. [online] http://www.ipsnews.net/africa/interna.asp?idnews=26687 Michael Smith. 2006. Branson launches plan to cut aviation emissions.[online]. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/reuters/060927/business/business_airlines_virgin_col Nicolas E. Antoine . , Ilan M. Kroo. 2002. Aircraft optimization for minimal environmental impact. 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. 4-6 September 2002, Atlanta, Georgia

The McCarthy Hearings Essay - 740 Words

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s America was overwhelmed with concerns about the growing threat of communism in Eastern Europe and in China. One senator in particular, Joseph McCarthy took this one step further and made more than two-hundred accusations against these supposed communists, one of these people being Arthur Miller. Miller dared to stand against McCarthy and used The Crucible as a way to show McCarthy’s flaws without approaching him directly. The Salem Witch Trials and the Scares in the Mid Nineteen hundreds both remind us that no man is perfect, and we do make mistakes. Both the people accused in Salem and during the McCarthy hearing were convicted with such little evidence it would be thought the cases would be easily†¦show more content†¦Everyone feared the thought of communism at the time, and was quick to support whoever was in charge of the investigations. Both situations had soon escalated to a level no one could have predicted and the trials were soon starting to be used for other purposes. Throughout one’s lifetime a person is always trying to climb higher to success no matter what it takes, trying to become the leader of the pack. Both the Salem Witch Trials and the McCarthy hearings are a perfect example of that. In Salem the girls were given almost no power in the town and when people started believing their accusations of witchcraft, they became power hungry and longed for the sense to control whether someone potentially lives or dies. Similarly, in the case of the McCarthy Hearings, Senator Joseph McCarthy was never very well known as a Senator. Taking advantage of the public views of communism at that time, McCarthy in fact did become an influential power in the Senate. McCarthy and Abigail both used people’s fear of the unknown to further their own efforts at power no matter whether they hurt someone in the process. Both accused the right people in society that they would be taken seriously, but no one powerful enough that they would be quest ioned further. In both cases someone with almost no control over themselves rose to the point where they could controlShow MoreRelatedThe Mccarthy Hearings Vs The Salem Witch Trials Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesAndre Nguyen Ms. Trahan English 10 9 November 2016 The McCarthy Hearings vs The Salem Witch Trials The McCarthy Hearings and the Salem Witch Trials both transformed the thought process of Americans today. Despite being described as completely unique and distinguished events, they both are eerily similar in appearance. 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Differences Between Patients And Control Group - 1372 Words

A total of 100 subjects were included in this study, including 50 patients diagnosed as B-CLL, and 50 healthy subjects matched in age and sex as a control group. They were 75% male and 25% female for CLL group,and 70% male and 30% female for control group.The mean of age (in years) for B-CLL patients and healthy subjects was 63.65 ±9.23and 62.21 ±6.12, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between patients and control group as regarding age and sex(P0.05) . According to the modified RAI staging system, the B-CLL patients in the present study were categorized into three risk groups the first group included 15 out of 50 (30%) patients with low risk, the second group included 15 (30%) patients with intermediate†¦show more content†¦The optimal CD 150 cut-off within the CLL population for overall survival was defined at 6% (13) Within this study there was 42 patients (84%) showing CD 150 expression ≠¥ 6% and 8 patients(16%) with CD 150 expression 6% . Patients with CD150 expression ≠¥ 6% had significantly longer OS (16 vs. 20 months) and significantly longer DFS (6 vs. 16.5 months) at 18 months compared to those with CD150 expression 6 %(P0.001) (Figs 1–4). These results suggest that CD 150 expression is greatly decreased in a subset of CLL patients characterized by an aggressive disease with a shorter DFS and a lower OS. Table 1 :Clinical and laboratory data of studied subjects: Variables Patients group Control group P.Value Hepatosplenomegaly(Present %) 35/50(70%) NA NA Lympadenopathy(Present %) 30/50 (60%) NA NA Hb level(gm/dl) (mean ±SD) 6.4-15.5(10.976+3.412) 11.9-14.8(13.213+0.939 0.001 Plts (Ãâ€"103/mm3) (mean ±SD) 50-309(142.920+ 70.884) 110-310(194.600 + 62.658) 0.001 WBCs (Ãâ€"103/mm3) (mean ±SD) 14.1-120 (59.7+42.8) 5–9.5 (7.06 ±1.46) 0.001 ALC(Ãâ€"103/mm3) (mean ±SD) 12–100 (41.68 ±23.32) 1–3 (1.75 ±0.613) 0.001 NA:not available ,Hb: hemoglobin, PLT:Show MoreRelatedCauses Of Acute Liver Failure1595 Words   |  7 Pagesliver failure is a syndrome characterized by development of altered mental status and coagulopathy in a patient within 8 weeks of onset of liver injury [1]. A large number of inflammatory markers have been implicated in causing the liver injury; and the massive hepatic insult that occur is believed mainly due to this tissue inflammation rather than the disease process per se. 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